Chapter 2: Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding: Course Objective..
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding: Course Objective..
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding: Course Objective..
Interatomic Bonding
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in atomic structure &
interatomic bonding
Course Outcomes…
Able
1 to describe the nature and structure of an atom as well as its
electronic structure
Able to describe various types of primary and secondary bonds
differentiate between them
Chapter Outlines:
2
ATOM
NUCLEUS
3
Bohr atomic model
Tiny
Very light particles
Negative electrical charge
Mass 9.11 x 10 -31 (kg)
Coulombs charge – 1.602 x 10 -19 (C)
2.1.2 Proton
2.1.3 Neutron
Table 2.1 The mass and charge of the proton, neutron and electron 6
2.1.4 Atomic Number (Z)
The summation of the masses of protons and masses of neutrons within the
nucleus
Atomic mass = mass of protons + mass of neutrons
Number of protons is the same for all atoms of a given element, but the
number of neutrons may be variable
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Atomic Weight
8
Atomic Mass
9
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2.1.6 Isotope
element but have different atomic mass (same no of proton but different no
of neutron)
Example:
uranium (U) – atomic number 92
235
92 u& 238
92 u
2.1.9 Mole
is the amount of matter that has a mass in grams equal to the atomic mass in
amu of the atoms (A mole of carbon has a mass of 12 grams)
The number of atoms in a mole is called the Avogadro number,
Nav = 6.023 × 1023
n = Nav X d/M
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Wave- Mechanical Model
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QUANTUM NUMBERS
A set of four numbers, the values of which are used to label
possible electron states. Three of the quantum numbers are
integers, which also specify the size, shape and spatial
orientation of an electron’s probability density; the fourth
number designates spin orientation
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PRINCIPLE QUANTUM
NUMBER (N)
Integer value used to specify the shell the electron
belongs to
n=1,2,3..7
Sometimes designated by letters K,L,M,N,O…
K= 1,L= 2, M= 3, N= 4, O= 5…
Related to distance of an electron from nucleus, or its
position
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L shell
(n = 2)
M shell
(n = 3)
N shell
K shell (n = 4)
(n = 1)
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SUBSIDIARY QUANTUM
NUMBER
(L)
Hydrogen 1s1
24
25
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MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
(ML )
Determine the number of energy levels for each
subshell
Whole number from –l to l
ml = 2l +1
If l=2, then ranges from -2 ,-1,0,+1,+2
s=1 state exist
p=3 state exist
d=5 state exist
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f=7 state exist
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
(MS)
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29
Schematic representation of the relative energies of the
electron for various shells and subshell
TABLE 1.1 MAXIMUM NO OF ELECTRON FOR EACH PRINCIPAL
ATOMIC SHELL
d = 10 e
f = 14 e
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35
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF
ELEMENT…
Hydrogen 1s1
Helium 1s2
Lithium 1s22s1
Na= 11 Mn= 25
Mg= 12 Cu= 29
Al= 13 Br= 35
Si= 14 O= 8
Cr= 24
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ANSWER…
Na = 11 = 1s22s22p63s1
Mg = 12 = 1s22s22p63s2
Al = 13 = 1s22s22p63s23p1
Si = 14 = 1s22s22p63s23p2
Mn = 25 = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5
Cu = 29 = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
Br = 35 = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5
O = 8 = 1s22s22p4
Cr = 24 = 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
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Fig 1.3 Electron Configuration of Elements
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Fig 1.4 Arrangement of electron in orbitals
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2.1.13
1
PERIODIC TABLE 8
2 3 4 5 6 7
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Elements in the same column (Elemental Group) share similar
properties. Group number indicates the number of electrons
available for bonding.
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• Columns: Similar Valence Structure
inert gases
give up1e
accept 2e
accept 1e
give up 2e
give up 3e
Metal
Nonmetal
H He
Li Be Intermediate Ne
O F
Na Mg S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra
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46
This is typical potential well for two interacting atoms.
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Three different types of primary @ chemical bond are:
ionic, covalent, metallic
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49
50
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Ionic: strong Coulomb interaction among negative atoms
(have an extra electron each) and positive atoms (lost an
electron). Example - Na+Cl-
Covalent: electrons are shared between the molecules,
to saturate the valency. Example - H2
Metallic: the atoms are ionized, loosing some electrons
from the valence band. Those electrons form a electron
sea, which binds the charged nuclei in place
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2.3.1 IONIC BONDING
Definition: A coulombic interatomic bond that exist between two adjacent and
oppositely charged ions or by transferring of electron of metallic element to the
nonmetallic element
(coulombic force: a force between charged particles such as ions; the force is
attractive when the particles are of opposite charge)
Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron
Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
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stable Coulombic stable
Attraction
Occurs between + and – ions
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EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
H He
2.1 CaF 2 -
Li Be O F Ne
1.0 1.5 Cs Cl 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9
Definition:
a primary interatomic bond that is formed by the sharing of electrons
between neighboring atoms
Directional
bond (it is between specific atoms and may exist only in the direction
between 1 atom and another that participates in the electron sharing)
E.g: many of nonmetallic elemental molecules (H2, Cl2, F2) and molecules
containing dissimilar atoms (CH4, H2O, HNO3,HF)
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E.G. CL2
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Covalent Bond
The closer the atoms are together, the smaller the difference in
electronegativity, the greater the degree of covalency
Can be very strong, very hard, very high melting temperature (e.g.
diamond; Tm= >3550° C) & can be very weak (e.g. Bismuth; 270° C)
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EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING
H2 O
column IVA
H2 F2
C(diamond)
H He
2.1
Si C - Cl 2
Li Be C O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 -
Na Mg Si Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.8 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga Ge As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr Sn I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 -
Cs Ba Pb At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9 GaAs
These valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom in the solid but,
they may be thought of as belonging to the metal as a whole or forming a
“sea of electrons” or an “electron cloud” that act as a “glue” to hold the iron
cores together
The remaining non valence electrons and atomic nuclei form what are called
ion cores, which posses a net positive charge equal in magnitude to the total
valence electron charge per atom
+ + +
+ + +
Sea of valence
electrons
+ + +
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+ - + -
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Atomic nucleus
Electron cloud
H Cl
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+ -
SUMMARY
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…SUMMARY
Metals: Metallic
Ceramics: Ionic / Covalent
Polymers: Covalent and Secondary
Semiconductors: Covalent or Covalent / Ionic
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MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND
LANGUAGE & CONCEPTS:
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