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Coordinate Geometry 2: Additional Mathematics

The document discusses the equation of a circle and finding tangents to circles. It explains that the standard equation of a circle is (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2, where (h,k) are the coordinates of the center and r is the radius. It provides examples of writing the equation given the center and radius, as well as determining the center and radius from the equation. The document also discusses finding the equation of a tangent line to a circle, including that the radius is perpendicular to the tangent. It provides steps to determine the equation of a tangent line given a point on the circle.

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Joel Prabahar
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154 views23 pages

Coordinate Geometry 2: Additional Mathematics

The document discusses the equation of a circle and finding tangents to circles. It explains that the standard equation of a circle is (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2, where (h,k) are the coordinates of the center and r is the radius. It provides examples of writing the equation given the center and radius, as well as determining the center and radius from the equation. The document also discusses finding the equation of a tangent line to a circle, including that the radius is perpendicular to the tangent. It provides steps to determine the equation of a tangent line given a point on the circle.

Uploaded by

Joel Prabahar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COORDINATE

GEOMETRY 2
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
 A circle can be fully defined by the position of its center
and the length of its radius or diameter.

THE  Hence the standard form equation of a circle is given by :

EQUATION +  =

OF A CIRCLE Where h and k are the x and y coordinates of the center of


the circle
X and y are coordinates of any point on the circle
Examining
the equation
Examining the
Equation

Circle with a center of (4,3)


and a radius of 5
If the center is the origin

 When the center is the origin (0,0) the values of h and k will both be
zero.
 Therefore +  =

 Hence +  =
The unit circle

 If we place the circle center


at (0,0) and set the radius
to 1 we get:

 (x−a)2 + (y−b)2 = r2
 (x−0)2 + (y−0)2 = 12
 x2 + y2 = 1
 Which is the equation of
the Unit Circle
Finding the equation of a circle

 To find the equation of a circle we need to determine:


1. The value of the radius
2. The coordinate of its center

EXAMPLE
The equation of a circle centered at (9, 6) with a radius of 10

+  =
Determine the equations of the following
circles

1. The equation of a circle whose centre is the origin and radius 4 units

2. The equation of a circle with centre (-3,2) and radius 7 units

3. The equation of a circle with centre (3, 0) and radius 4 units


Determine the radius and center

 + 
 =

+  =16

+  =
The General Form of the Equation of a
circle
Start with:(x−a)2 + (y−b)2 = r2
Example: a=1, b=2, r=3:(x−1)2 + (y−2)2 = 32
Expand:x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 − 4y + 4 = 9
Gather like terms:x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y + 1 + 4 − 9 = 0
 And we end up with this:
 x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0
 It is a circle equation, but "in disguise"!
Its in the general form
x2 + y2 + Ax + By + C = 0
Changing general to standard form(using
completing the square)
 Example: x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0
 Start with:x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0
 Put xs and ys together:(x2 − 2x) + (y2 − 4y) − 4 = 0
 Constant on right:(x2 − 2x) + (y2 − 4y) = 4
 Now complete the square for x (take half of the −2, square it,
and add to both sides):
 (x2 − 2x + (−1)2) + (y2 − 4y) = 4 + (−1)2
 And complete the square for y (take half of the −4, square it,
and add to both sides):
 (x2 − 2x + (−1)2) + (y2 − 4y + (−2)2) = 4 + (−1)2 + (−2)2
Now let’s tidy it up

 Simplify:(x2 − 2x + 1) + (y2 − 4y + 4) = 9

 At this point both brackets represent perfect squares

 Finally:(x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 32


Now lets try these

 y 2 + 2x + x 2 = 24y − 120

 x 2 + y 2 + 14x − 12y + 4 = 0

 x 2 + 2x + y 2 = 55 + 10y
THE TANGENT LINE

 A tangent is a straight line which touches the


circumference of a circle but doesn’t pass
through it.

 The tangent always touches the circle at a single


point D(x,y)
The equation of a tangent

 Since the tangent is just a straight line its equation will generally take the form Ax
+By +C =0

 The radius of a circle is always perpendicular to the tangent of the circle


Finding the equation of the tangent

EXAMPLE
 Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 −2y + 6x −7= 0 at the
point F(−2;5).

Steps
1. Write the equation of the circle in the form (x−a)2 + (y−b)2 = r2

Using completing the square we will get:


(x + 3)2 + (y−1)2 = 17
 2.Determine the
gradient of the
radius

We now know the centre C(-3,1)


and a point on the circumference
where the tangent is F(-2,5).

  Therefore the gradient of CF(mCF) = = = 4

 3. Determine the gradient of the tangent


 NB. Remember the radius and tangent are perpendicular

 M1 x m2 = -1
 4 x m2 = -1
 M2 =
4.
 Determine
  the equation of the tangent to the circle

y -5 = (multiply by 4)
4y -20 = -1(x + 2)
x + 4y -18 = 0

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