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CSC 2104
Operating System Fundamentals
Introduction
(Week 1a)
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Your Lecturer and Lab Tutor

Lecturer 1 Lab Tutor

PhD
Dr. Peter Ho Chiung Ching Permanent Head Damage
Mr. Wong Eu Jin
[email protected] [email protected]
Consultation Hours (by Appointment): Consultation Hours (by Appointment):
Monday: 2:00PM – 4:00PM
Tuesday: 10:00AM – 12:00PM
Partially..... Head Damage
To be decided
To be decided
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Lecture Notes

 Everything is on eLearn
 Self enrollment, NO access code required.
 What’s the subject code? CSC2104
 What’s the subject name? Operating System Fundamentals

 Oneday or two days before the lecture class.

 OK, I will try my best…
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Assessments (Tentative)
To be finalized by beginning
Week 3

50% : 50%
Final Exam Coursework
- One 2-Hour Exam - 1 Programming Assignment (20%)
- 1 Class Test (10%)
- 1 Written Assignment (20%)

Note:
1) The passing marks is 40%.
2) You have to pass BOTH the final exam and coursework component to pass the subject.
3) In other words you have to score at least 20% (out of 50%) in final exam and coursework.
4) This is a Year 2 subject so it will be counted towards your final classification.
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Week

1
Topic

Introduction
Coursework

-
5

Virtual Machine + Basic Linux Command + Introduction

2 Operating System Structure
to OS
3 Process Management Linux command + Shell Scripting

4 Process Management Shell Scripting (continue)

5 Process Scheduling Programming Assignment Briefing

6 Process Scheduling Scheduling

7 Memory Management Threads and Synchronisation (Java-based)

Semester Break

8 Memory Management Tutorial + Written Assignment Briefing

9 Storage Management Virtual Memory and Swap Space

10 Storage Management Tutorial

Class Test (7th November
11 Partitioning and File Systems
2019)
12 Distributed System Distributed System

13 Protection & Security Permissions and Access Control

14 Protection & Security Revision

Exam Final Exam Final Exam (50%)

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The “TEXTBOOK”…
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What is an Operating System (OS)?

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Types of Operating System (OS)?

Windows Linux MacOS

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What Operating Systems Do?

Why you need a OS for your computer?

 An intermediary between software and computer hardware.

Hardwar
Software OS
e

I’M THE MIDDLE MAN

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Graphic Card

CPU

RAM

Hard Disk
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What is an Operating System (OS)?

Users

Compiler Assembler Text Editor Database

System
System and Applications

Operating System

Computer Hardware
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What Operating Systems Do?

 Two main functions:

• Hide the complexity of hardware.
Abstraction • Provide a clean interface for using resources.
• Imagine if you have to setup the hard disk to read a file?

• Manage all resources (memory, storage, etc).

Resource • Efficient and fair use of resources.
Manager • What if you are printing multiple documents?
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Why I’m here?

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Why should I learn all these?

 Computer systems are everywhere.

 Operating system is essential to almost all computing systems.
 Very likely you will have to encounter one of these operating systems.
 I believe you are dealing with at least one of them everyday…
 To understand what you’re dealing with.
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Week

1
Topic

Introduction
Rationale

Why you need to have one for your computer system?

16

2 Operating System Structure What is a kernel? How does the kernel affect the performance?

3 Process Management
How does the operating system manage the running programs?
4 Process Management How to schedule your programs for better efficiency (lower turnaround time)?
What are the common scheduling algorithms and the pros and cons of each?
5 Process Scheduling How to prevent deadlock?
To serve as the basics for concurrent programming / distributed systems.
6 Process Scheduling

7 Memory Management How does the operating system allocate memory to running programs?
How does the management of memory could affect the performance?
8 Memory Management Certain lower level programming allows you to manage the memory yourself.

9 Storage Management What is FAT, NTFS and Ext3? What file system to choose?
10 Storage Management What are the advantages and disadvantages of different file systems?

11 Class Test To better prepare the students for the final examination.

12 Distributed Systems To have a basic understanding of distributed systems.

13 Protection & Security

How does the operating system protect itself from security breaches?
14 Protection & Security

Note:
1) We will also cover some basic Linux commands and configurations.
2) You need to know more when making progress in your career.
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Why should I learn all these?

 The knowledge also serves as the foundation of other subjects:

 Concurrent Programming
 Programming for Distributed System
 Computer and Network Security
 …

 To gain some technical knowledge:

 Virtual Machine
 Programming
 Linux
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Personal Computers
Share
Market Share
Market

Source: Statista, 2019

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Super-Computers

Linux
Unix
Mixed
Windows
BSD Based

Source: ZDNet, 2013

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Web Server

Source: W3Cook, 2015

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Virtualization

Source: Microsoft
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What is an Operating System (OS)?

Users

Compiler Assembler Text Editor Database

System
System and Applications

Operating System

Computer Hardware
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What is an Operating System?

A more detail version:

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User Operating-System Interface

 Two types of implementation:

 Command-Line Interface (CLI)
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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User Operating-System Interface

MS-DOS
Source: ComputerWorld
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The Mac OS X GUI + Terminal

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What is an Operating System?

A more detail version:

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Three Essential Components

Memory
Management

Process
OS
Storage
Management Management
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Process Management

How does OS manage them?

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Process Management

A process is a program in execution.

 Process needs resources to accomplish its tasks.
 OS Activities:
 Allocateresources (e.g. memory, files).
 Create and delete the process.
 Pause and resume the process.
 Provide mechanism for process communication.
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Process Management
int x = 10; 0001 0110 0100 1010
int y = 12; 0001 0110 0101 1100
int z = x + y;
Compiler 0010 0001 0010 0000
0011 0110 0110 0000

Memory Address Contents Remarks

100 10 Integer x
101 12 Integer y
102 22 Integer z
103 0 -
104 0001 0110 0100 1010 ADDI #10 100
105 0001 0110 0101 1100 ADDI #12 101
106 0010 0001 0010 0000 ADD 100 101
107 0011 0110 0110 0000 STORE 102
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Process Management

Which hardware component executes all these ?

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Process Management

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

/
Processor
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Process Scheduling

Sequence of execution?
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Process Management
(Process Scheduling)

 Determines the sequence of execution.

 Different types of algorithm.
 First-Come First-Serve
 Shortest Job First
 Priority Scheduling
 Round Robin
 Involves some simple calculations.
 Please remember to bring your CALCULATOR.
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Three Essential Components

Memory
Management

Process
OS Storage
Management Management
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Memory Management

How does OS manage the memory usage of each process?

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Memory Management

Microsoft Word

Google Chrome

Operating System

Main Memory
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Memory Management

 Determines what to be in the memory.

 Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users.
 OS Activities:
 Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being
used and by whom.
 Deciding which processes and data to move into and out of
the memory.
 Allocating and de-allocating memory space as needed.
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Three Essential Components

Memory
Management

Process
OS Storage
Management Management
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Storage-Device Hierarchy

CPU
Performance

RAM

Secondary
Storage

Cost
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Intel Core i7-5960X. Photo Credit: PCWorld.com

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Storage Management

 Control the storage of files.

 OS Activities:

 Manipulate files and directories.

 Free-space management.
 Allocation of free-space.
 File size limitations.
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Storage Management

Sector
Smallest Physical Storage Unit
Previously: 512 B
Now: 4 KB
Platter
Head

Arm
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Distributed System

 Collection
of physically separated computer systems that
are connected together.
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Distributed System

 What are the advantages?

 Gain access to various resources.
 Increases:
 Computation Speed
 Functionality
 Data Availability
 Reliability
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Protection and Security

 Mechanisms necessary for the protection and security of

computer systems.
 To control the authorization of accessing different resources.
 Asymmetric and symmetric encryption.
 Threats:
 Trojan Horse
 Logic Bomb
 Trap Door
 Denial-of-Service
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Three Essential Components

Memory
Management

Process
OS Storage
Management Management