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Applied Research Methods: Dr. Sahar Awan

The document discusses different statistical analysis methods including the normal distribution, standardized values, sampling distributions, the central limit theorem, standard error of the mean, parameter estimates, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, univariate techniques like testing means, bivariate techniques like regression, and multivariate techniques.

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Muhammad Taha
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24 views17 pages

Applied Research Methods: Dr. Sahar Awan

The document discusses different statistical analysis methods including the normal distribution, standardized values, sampling distributions, the central limit theorem, standard error of the mean, parameter estimates, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, univariate techniques like testing means, bivariate techniques like regression, and multivariate techniques.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Taha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Research

Methods
Dr. Sahar Awan

SESSION 12: DATA ANALYSIS


Normal Distribution
• Symmetric bell shaped distribution describing the expected probability
distribution of chance occurrences
• 99% values fall within 3 standard deviations
Standardized Values
• Used to compare an individual value to the population mean in
units of the standard deviation
Standardized Normal Distribution
• Probability distribution for the standardized normal curve
• Population Distribution
• Sample Distribution
• Sampling Distribution

• Central Limit Theorem


Standard Error of the Mean
Parameter Estimates
• Point estimates
• Precision
• Confidence Intervals
Standard Error of the Mean
Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
- Statement about status quo, no difference

• Alternative hypothesis
- Opposite of the null hypothesis
Significance Level
Hypothesis Testing

• Univariate Techniques

• Bivariate and Multivariate Techniques


Univariate Techniques

1. Testing a single mean


2. Testing 2 related means
- Independent samples
- Paired samples
3. Testing hypothesis about several means
Univariate Techniques
1. Testing a single mean

Example:
A researcher wants to find out if the average body temperature of
humans is different from 98.6 degrees.
Write down the null and alternative hypothesis
Univariate Techniques
2. Testing 2 related means
i. Independent samples
ii. Paired samples
Example:
A researcher wanted to see if there is a difference between the
salaries of men and women
A management of the university wants to check whether there is a
positive effect of tutorial sessions on student grades
Univariate Techniques

3. Testing hypothesis about several means


Bivariate and Multivariate Techniques
• Regression

• Multiple regression
Regression
• Linear Regression
• Ordinary Least Squares
• Coefficient of determination
• Testing moderation models

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