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Vigenere Cipher: By: Mohsin Tahir Waqas Akram Numan-Ul-Haq Ali Asghar Rao Arslan

The document discusses the Vigenere cipher, a method of encrypting text using a series of Caesar ciphers with a repeating keyword. It was originally believed to be unbreakable but was cracked in the 19th century using statistical analysis of repeating word patterns. The cipher uses a Vigenere tableau to encrypt letters by finding the intersection of the plaintext letter and keyword letter. It can be seen as a combination of additive ciphers. Kasiski's technique analyzed distances between repeated bigrams in the ciphertext to determine the keyword length.

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73 views15 pages

Vigenere Cipher: By: Mohsin Tahir Waqas Akram Numan-Ul-Haq Ali Asghar Rao Arslan

The document discusses the Vigenere cipher, a method of encrypting text using a series of Caesar ciphers with a repeating keyword. It was originally believed to be unbreakable but was cracked in the 19th century using statistical analysis of repeating word patterns. The cipher uses a Vigenere tableau to encrypt letters by finding the intersection of the plaintext letter and keyword letter. It can be seen as a combination of additive ciphers. Kasiski's technique analyzed distances between repeated bigrams in the ciphertext to determine the keyword length.

Uploaded by

bahiru belina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vigenere Cipher

By:
Mohsin Tahir
waqas Akram
Numan-Ul-Haq
Ali Asghar
Rao Arslan
Polyalphabetic Ciphers

The relationship between a character in


the plaintext to a character in the cipher
text is one-to-many.
Vigenere Cipher
 The Vigenere cipher is the kind of polyalphabetic cipher.
 It was design by Blaise de Vigenere, a 16th century French mathematician.
 It was used in the American civil war and was once believed to be
unbreakable.
 A Vigenere cipher uses a different strategy to create the key stream. The key
stream is a repetition of an initial secret key stream of length m, where we
have 1<=m<=26.
 The Vigenere cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a
series of different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword.
 The Vigenere cipher uses multiple mixed alphabets, each is a shift cipher.
Vigenere Cipher

Plain text: Cipher text:

Key stream:

Encryption: Decryption:
Example
 We can encrypt the message “She is listening” using the 6-
character keyword “PASCAL“. The initial key stream is
(15,0,18,2,0,11). The key stream is the repetition of this initial key
stream (as many times as needed) .
Use encryption algo:
Note:-
 The Vigenere key stream dose not depend on the
plaintext characters. It depends only on the
position of the character in the plain text.
Example cont.…

 Vigenere cipher can be seen as combinations of m additive ciphers.


Vigenere Table

 Another way to look at Vigenere ciphers is through what is called a


Vigenere Tableau, Vigenere Table or Vigenere Square.
 The first row of this table has the 26 English letters. Shows the plain
text character to be encrypted.
 Starting with the second row, each row has the letters shifted to the
left one position in a cyclic way. For example, when B is shifted to
the first position on the second row, the letter A moves to the end.
 The first column contains the characters to be used by the key.
Example:-

 To find the cipher text for the plaintext “she is listening ”


using the word “PASCAL” as the key
• .we can find “s” in the first row, “p” in the first column, the
cross section is the cross section is the cipher text character “H”
• we can find “h” in the first row, “A” in the first column, the
cross section is the cross section is the cipher text character “H”
• And so on…..
Encrypt example:

“TO BE OR NOT TO BE THAT IS THE QUESTION”


Use Vigenere table method to encrypt plain text to cipher text.

Plaintext: TOBEO RNOTT OBETH ATIST HEQUE STION


Keyword: RELAT IONSR ELATI ONSRE LATIO NSREL
Ciphertext: KSMEH ZBBLK SMEMP OGAJX SEJCS FLZSY
Decrypt example:

“TO BE OR NOT TO BE THAT IS THE QUESTION”


Use Vigenere table method to decrypt cipher text to plain text.

Keyword: RELAT IONSR ELATI ONSRE LATIO NSREL


Ciphertext: KSMEH ZBBLK SMEMP OGAJX SEJCS FLZSY
Plaintext: TOBEO RNOTT OBETH ATIST HEQUE STION
Vigenere Cipher (Crypanalysis)

 This method was actually discovered earlier, in 1854 by Charles


Babbage.
 Vigenere-like substitution ciphers were regarded by many as
practically unbreakable for 300 years.
 In 1863, a Prussian major named Kasiski proposed a method for
breaking a Vigenere cipher that consisted of finding the length of
the keyword and then dividing the message into that many simple
substitution cryptograms.
Kasiski's technique
 Kasiski's technique for finding the length of the keyword was based on measuring the
distance between repeated bigrams in the ciphertext.
Example:-
Location: 01234 56789 01234 56789 01234 56789
Keyword: RELAT IONSR ELATI ONSRE LATIO NSREL
Plaintext: tobeo rnott obeth atist heque stion
Ciphertext: KSMEH ZBBLK SMEMP OGAJX SEJCS FLZSY
 Kasiski method would create something like the following list
Repeated First index Second index difference distance
Bigram
KS 0 9 9 9
SM 1 10 9 9
ME 2 11 9 9
….. ……. ……. …… …….

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