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    Photosyn-Thesis: Calvin Cycle: Reporters: Group 4

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    John Allen Guisdan
    The Calvin cycle is the second stage of photosynthesis that uses energy from sunlight to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Carbon fixation joins carbon dioxide to RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds that split into two 3-carbon molecules in the reduction stage. The regeneration stage uses ATP to rejoin the 3-carbon molecules back into RuBP, completing the cycle.

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    Photosyn-Thesis: Calvin Cycle: Reporters: Group 4

    Uploaded by

    John Allen Guisdan
    85 views11 pages
    The Calvin cycle is the second stage of photosynthesis that uses energy from sunlight to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Carbon fixation joins carbon dioxide to RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds that split into two 3-carbon molecules in the reduction stage. The regeneration stage uses ATP to rejoin the 3-carbon molecules back into RuBP, completing the cycle.

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    Short presentation for Calvin Cycle

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    Calvin Cycle

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    The Calvin cycle is the second stage of photosynthesis that uses energy from sunlight to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Carbon fixation joins carbon dioxide to RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds that split into two 3-carbon molecules in the reduction stage. The regeneration stage uses ATP to rejoin the 3-carbon molecules back into RuBP, completing the cycle.

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    85 views11 pages

    Photosyn-Thesis: Calvin Cycle: Reporters: Group 4

    Uploaded by

    John Allen Guisdan
    The Calvin cycle is the second stage of photosynthesis that uses energy from sunlight to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Carbon fixation joins carbon dioxide to RuBP to form unstable 6-carbon compounds that split into two 3-carbon molecules in the reduction stage. The regeneration stage uses ATP to rejoin the 3-carbon molecules back into RuBP, completing the cycle.

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    of 11

    PHOTOSYN-

    THESIS:
    CALVIN
    CYCLE

    REPORTERS:

    GROUP 4
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A QUICK
    RECAP
    – WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
    – WHAT ARE THE TWO STAGES?
    – WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS OF THE PROCESS PRIOR
    CALVIN CYCLE?
    CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
    6 CO2 + 6 H2O SUNLIGHT C6H12O6 + 6 O2
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYCLE

     In the Calvin Cycle, chemical energy (from the light reactions) and CO2 (from
    the atmosphere) are used to produce organic compounds (like glucose).
     The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYCLE
    ENVIRON
    MENT

     The Calvin Cycle involves the process of carbon fixation.


    - This is the process of assimilating carbon from a non-organic compound
    (ie. CO2) and incorporating it into an organic compound (ie. carbohydrates).

    CARBON FIXATION
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYLCE
    3 carbon dioxide
    molecules

    C Step 1: Carbon Fixation


     3 molecules of CO2 (from the atmosphere) are joined to 3 molecules
    C of RuBP (a 5-carbon sugar) by Rubisco (an enzyme also known as RuBP
    C carboxylase)

    3 RuBP molecules
    C C C C C This forms 3
    molecules
    which each
    C C C C C have 6 carbons
    (for a total of 18
    C C C C C carbons!)
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYCLE
    Step 2: Reduction Stage
     The three 6-carbon molecules (very unstable) split in half,
    forming six 3-carbon molecules.
     These molecules are then reduced by gaining electrons from
    NADPH.
     ATP is required for this molecular rearranging.

    ATP ADP P C C C C C C
    C C C C C C

    C C C C C C C C C C C C

    C C C C C C C C C C C C
    NADPH
    NADP+
    PHASE 2:CALVIN CYCLE
     There are now six 3-carbon molecules, which are known as
    G3P or PGAL.
     Since the Calvin Cycle started with 15 carbons (three 5-carbon
    molecules) and there are now 18 carbons, we have a net gain
    of 3 carbons.
     One of these “extra” 3-carbon G3P/PGAL molecules will exit
    the cycle and be used to form ½ a glucose molecule.
    C C C C C C

    C C C C C C

    C C C C C C
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYCLE
     Once the Calvin Cycle “turns” twice (well, actually 6 times),
    those 2 molecules of G3P (a 3-carbon carbohydrate) will
    combine to form 1 molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon
    carbohydrate molecule) OR another organic compound.

    C C C C C C C C C C C C
    G3P G3P
    (from 3 turns of (from 3 turns of glucose
    the Calvin Cycle) the Calvin Cycle)
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYCLE
    Step 3: Regeneration of RuBP
     Since this is the Calvin Cycle, we must end up back at the
    beginning.
     The remaining 5 G3P molecules (3-carbons each!) get
    rearranged (using ATP) to form 3 RuBP molecules (5-carbons
    each).
    C C C C C C

    C C C C C C

    C C C
    ATP ADP
    5 G3P molecules 3 RuBP molecules
    Total: 15 carbons P Total: 15 carbons
    PHASE 2: CALVIN CYCLE

    Quick recap:
    • In the Calvin Cycle, energy and electrons from the Light
    Reactions (in the form of ATP and NADPH) and carbon
    dioxide from the atmosphere are used to produce organic
    compounds.
    • The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma inside the chloroplasts
    (inside the cells…).
    • Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are required (reactants).
    • Organic compounds (G3P) are produced (products).
    QUESTIONS:

     WHAT ENZYME IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REJOINING THE G3P MOLECULES BACK TO


    RuBP DURING REGENERATION STAGE?
     WHAT STAGE DOES THE UNSTABLE 6 CARBON MOLECULES SPLIT INTO TWO?
     WHAT DO WE CALL THE STAGE WHEN RUBISCO JOINS CARBON DIOXIDE
    MOLECULES TO THE RuBP?
     HOW MANY TIMES MUST THE CYCLE GO ON TO PRODUCE A WHOLE MOLECULE OF
    GLUCOSE?
     HOW MANY SIMULTANEOUS CALVIN CYCLE MUST HAPPEN TO PRODUCE THE SAME
    YEILD?

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