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    Chapter 8 - Cryptographic Tools Algorithms and Protocol

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    Jasmin
    Pigeon bones with an encrypted message were found in a chimney from World War II. Cryptography involves encrypting messages using mathematical principles so only intended recipients can read them. There are two main encryption methods: symmetric uses a shared secret key by both sender and receiver, while asymmetric uses a public-private key pair with different keys for encrypting and decrypting. Digital signatures provide authentication, non-repudiation and integrity by encrypting a message hash with the sender's private key.

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    Chapter 8 - Cryptographic Tools Algorithms and Protocol

    Uploaded by

    Jasmin
    53 views17 pages
    Pigeon bones with an encrypted message were found in a chimney from World War II. Cryptography involves encrypting messages using mathematical principles so only intended recipients can read them. There are two main encryption methods: symmetric uses a shared secret key by both sender and receiver, while asymmetric uses a public-private key pair with different keys for encrypting and decrypting. Digital signatures provide authentication, non-repudiation and integrity by encrypting a message hash with the sender's private key.

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    Pigeon bones with an encrypted message were found in a chimney from World War II. Cryptography involves encrypting messages using mathematical principles so only intended recipients can read them. There are two main encryption methods: symmetric uses a shared secret key by both sender and receiver, while asymmetric uses a public-private key pair with different keys for encrypting and decrypting. Digital signatures provide authentication, non-repudiation and integrity by encrypting a message hash with the sender's private key.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    53 views17 pages

    Chapter 8 - Cryptographic Tools Algorithms and Protocol

    Uploaded by

    Jasmin
    Pigeon bones with an encrypted message were found in a chimney from World War II. Cryptography involves encrypting messages using mathematical principles so only intended recipients can read them. There are two main encryption methods: symmetric uses a shared secret key by both sender and receiver, while asymmetric uses a public-private key pair with different keys for encrypting and decrypting. Digital signatures provide authentication, non-repudiation and integrity by encrypting a message hash with the sender's private key.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 17

    Example: A message encrypted during second world war

    found in recent past


    Pigeon bones with
    encrypted message found in
    chimney
    Cryptography
    • Cryptography is a method of using advanced mathematical
    principles in storing and transmitting data in a particular
    form so that only those whom it is intended can read and
    process it.
    •  Encryption is a key concept in cryptography – It is a process
    whereby a message is encoded in a format that cannot be
    read or understood by an eavesdropper. 
    SYMMETRIC AND
    ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption
    Symmetric Encryption Asymmetric Encryption
    (Secret Key) (Public Key)

    1. Sender and receiver use same 1. Different keys are used to


    key to encrypt and decrypt a encrypt and decrypt a message.
    message which is kept secret These dual keys are called
    2. It is fast ‘public’ and ‘private’ keys.
    3. It produces compact cipher 2. It is slow
    text 3. It produces large cipher text
    4. Key distribution is a problem. 4. Key distribution is easy.
    5. Symmetric encryption 5. Asymmetric encryption
    algorithms: DES, 3DES, AES, algorithms: RSA, Deffie-
    Blowfish, Twofish, IDEA, RC4 Hellman, Elliptic Curve
    etc. Cryptosystem, ElGamal,
    Knapsack etc.
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption

    • Symmetric encryption ( private key)


    • https://
    www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk3py9M2IfE&list=PLSNNzog
    5eyduN6o4e6AKFHekbH5-37BdV

    Asymmetric encryption ( public key)


    • https://
    www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I7BNgD2Yag&list=PLSNNzog
    5eyduN6o4e6AKFHekbH5-37BdV
    Private
    Key
    Difference: Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption
    • Symmetric encryption uses a single key that needs to be shared
    among the people who need to receive the message while
    asymmetrical encryption uses a pair of public key and a private
    key to encrypt and decrypt messages when communicating.
    • Symmetric encryption is an old technique while asymmetric
    encryption is relatively new.
    • Asymmetric encryption was introduced to complement the
    inherent problem of the need to share the key in symmetrical
    encryption model, eliminating the need to share the key by
    using a pair of public-private keys.
    • Asymmetric encryption takes relatively more time than the
    symmetric encryption.
    Ways in which plain text is processed
    • Block cipher processes • Stream cipher does not break input into
    the input one block of blocks, instead take one character of the
    elements at a time, message at a time.
    producing an output • A key is given to the algorithm to create a
    block for each input random stream of bits.
    block. • These bits are XORed with the plaintext
    to create cipher text.
    Encryption
    Key Plain Text

    Block of Encryption Block of Random


    plaintext Process ciphertext
    Key Algorithm
    Stream of bits ⊕ XOR

    Cipher
    Text
    Plain text 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
    Random stream
    of bits
    0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
    Cipher 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
    (by XOR operation)
    HASH FUNCTIONS
    Hash Functions
    • Hash function accepts variable-length string (or message) and
    generates a fixed length hash value (or message digest).
    • Usually no key is involved
    • No confidentiality is provided because nothing is getting encrypted.
    • Hashing employ one-way functions
    • Message cannot be generated from message digest (MD)
    • Creating two identical hash values should be computationally
    infeasible.
    How Hash Functions Work?
    • How hash functions works?
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsp--srKWKw&list=PL
    SNNzog5eyduN6o4e6AKFHekbH5-37BdV&index=3
    DIGITAL SIGNATURES
    Digital Signature
    Digital Signature
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmA2QWSLSPg

    • A digital signature is a hash value that is encrypted with the


    sender’s private key.
    • If sender wants to ensure that the message he sends to
    receiver is not modified (i.e. integrity) and he wants her to
    be sure it came only from him (i.e authenticity), he can
    digitally sign the message.
    Digital Signature
    Working
    • Sender computes hash value of message (or data) and
    encrypt this has value with his private key. He sends both
    of these items to the receiver.
    • When receiver receives the message, she will perform the
    hashing function on the message and come up with her
    own hash value. Then she will decrypt the sent hash value
    (digital signature) with sender’s public key. She then
    compares the two values, and if they are the same, she can
    be sure the message was not altered during transmission.
    She is also sure the message came from sender because
    the value was encrypted with his private key.
    Digital Signature
    Services
    • The hashing function ensures the integrity of the
    message, and the signing of the hash value provides
    authentication and nonrepudiation.
    Security Services
    • We need to be clear on all the available choices within
    cryptography, because different steps and algorithms
    provide different types of security services:

    Cryptographic operation(s) used Security Service(s)


    Encryption Confidentiality
    Hashing Integrity
    Digital Signature Authentication, non-repudiation,
    and integrity
    Encryption and Digital Signature Confidentiality, authentication, non-
    repudiation, and integrity

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