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Introduction To Signal Processing

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41 views12 pages

Introduction To Signal Processing

lecture 02

Uploaded by

mk07 nat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Signal Processing

Summer 2007
Basics: Signals and Systems
Keyur Desai
(Slides: Courtesy of Prof. Alan S. Willsky)
16 May 2007
1) Signals
2) Systems
3) For example ...

“Figures and images used in these lecture notes by permission,


copyright 1997 by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky”
1
SIGNALS
Signals are functions of independent variables that carry
information. For example:
• Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a circuit
• Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals (analog or
digital)

Spectrogram

Time-domain
Speech signal

2
SIGNALS
• Video signals --- intensity variations in an image (e.g. a
CAT scan)

• Biological signals --- sequence of bases in a gene


DNA

Its signal
representation

3
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
• For electrical signal the value of voltage or current changes with
time, hence time is called independent variable and voltage or
current is called dependent variable

• Independent variable can be continuous


— Trajectory of a space shuttle
— Mass density in a cross-section of a brain

• Independent variable can be discrete


— DNA base sequence
— Digital image pixels

• Independent variable can be 1-D, 2-D, ••• N-D

4
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
What are the independent variables in these signals?
(i) Speech (ii) CAT scan image (iii) DNA sequence
(i) Time (ii) Spatial Location (iii) Location on DNA molecule

For this course: Focus on a single (1-D) independent variable which we


call “time”.

Continuous-Time (CT) signals: x(t), t — continuous values


Discrete-Time (DT) signals: x[n], n — integer values only

5
CT Signals

• Most of the signals in the physical world are CT


signals—E.g. voltage & current, pressure,
temperature, velocity, etc.

6
DT Signals
• x[n], n — integer, time varies discretely

• Examples of DT signals in nature:


— DNA base sequence
— Population of the nth generation of certain species

7
Many human-made DT Signals

Ex.#1 Weekly Dow-Jones Ex.#2 digital image


industrial average

Why DT? —
Can be processed by modern digital computers
and digital signal processors (DSPs).
8
SYSTEMS

For the most part, our view of systems will be from an


input-output perspective:
A system responds to applied input signals, and its response
is described in terms of one or more output signals

x(t) CT System y(t)

x[n] DT System y[n]

9
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS

•An RLC circuit

•What is the input signal?


•x(t) (the D.C. source)
•What is the output signal?
•y(t) (the signal across capacitor)
•What is the system?
•The whole RLC network

10
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS

•Dynamics of an aircraft or space vehicle


•An algorithm for analyzing financial and economic
factors to predict bond prices
•An algorithm for post-flight analysis of a space launch
•An edge detection algorithm for medical images

What are the inputs and what are the outputs in above
examples?

11
SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS
•An important concept is that of interconnecting systems
— To build more complex systems by interconnecting
simpler subsystems
— To modify response of a system

•Signal flow (Block) diagram


Cascade

Parallel +

Feedback
+

12

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