A
Seminar
on
Electroencephalography
Presented to:- Presented by:-
Mr. Himanshu Chaturvedi Miss Nayan Kanthed
Lect. EEE Dept. 3rd year/6th sem
Contents
Introduction
History
How it was developed ?
Source of EEG activity
How does the system work ?
Wave patterns
Applications
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Awesome EEG
Introduction
What is Electroencephalography..??
EEG, or electroencephalogram, is a tool use to image the
brain.
EEG allows to view and record the changes in brain activity
during the time of performing the task.
Images are acquired by using electrodes to monitor the
amount of electrical activity at different points on your scalp.
History
Richard Caton (1875) –localization of sensory functions
with monkeys and rabbits.
Hans Berger (1924) – first EEG recording done on
humans, records electrical activity from the skull.
William Grey Walter – influenced by Pavlov and Berger,
further developed EEG to discover delta waves during
sleep (1937) and theta waves (1953).
Hans Berger – EEG Pioneer
In 1929, Hans Berger
Recorded brain activity from the closed skull.
Reportet brain activity changes according to the
functional state of the brain
Sleep
Hypnothesis
Pathological states (epilepsy)
How it was developed?
By testing and studying the brains of
hundreds of high performing individuals, it
became clear that top performers in
various areas, used various brainwave
frequencies. Therefore - finally it was
proven which frequencies were the best
for which function.
Source of EEG activity
The brain's electrical charge is maintained by billions of neurons.
Neurons form wave through a process known as volume
conduction.
When the wave of ions reaches the electrodes, metal conducts the
push and pull of electrons easily, the difference in push or voltage
between any two electrodes can be measured by a voltmeter.
Electrodes measure voltage-differences at the scalp in the
microvolt (μV) range.
Recording these voltages over time gives us the EEG.
How does the system work ?
The system involves hooking up several pairs of
electrodes on a patient's head.
These electrodes conducts electrical activity, capture it
from the brain and convey it out through a wire and
gives it amplifier.
The amplifiers amplify the voltage between the electrode
and the reference.
The signal is then filtered, and the EEG signal is output
as the deflection of pens as paper passes underneath
Wave patterns
EEG potentials are good indicators of global brain state.
They often display rhythmic patterns at characteristic
frequencies
Alpha Wave
Characteristics:
- frequency: 8-13 Hz
-amplitude: 20-60 µV
Easily produced when quietly sitting in relaxed position
with eyes closed
Beta Waves
Characteristics:
-frequency: 14-30 Hz
-amplitude: 2-20 µV
The most common form of brain waves. Are present
during mental thought and activity
Theta Waves
Characteristics:
-frequency: 4-7Hz
-amplitude: 20-100µV
Believed to be more common in children than adults.
Walter Study (1952) found these waves to be related to
displeasure, pleasure, and drowsiness.
Delta Waves
Characteristics:
-frequency: .5-3.5 Hz
-amplitude: 20-200µV
Found during periods of deep sleep in most people.
Also useful in detecting tumors and abnormal brain
behaviors.
Less Common Waves
Gamma Waves:
-frequency: 36-44Hz
-amplitude: 3-5µV
Kappa Waves:
-frequency: 10Hz
Lambda Waves:
-amplitude: 20-50µV
-triangular in shape
Mu Waves:
-frequency: 8-13Hz
Applications
In neurology, the main diagnostic application of EEG is
in the case of epilepsy, as epileptic activity can create
clear abnormalities on a standard EEG study.
A secondary clinical use of EEG is in the diagnosis
of coma, encephalopathies (any disorder or disease of
brain), and brain death.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
Hardware costs are significantly lower EEG has higher temporal
resolution - milliseconds, rather than seconds.
EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the responses to
auditory stimuli.
EEG does not aggravate claustrophobia.
Disadvantages
One of the big disadvantages of EEG/ERP is that it's hard to
figure out where in the brain the electrical activity is coming
from.
Required amplification.
Deep parts of the brain are not well sampled
The Awesome EEG
It is plain to see that EEG has offered a number of
great advances in research. It has demonstrated its
versatility and usefulness in the many diverse areas
that it has been utilized. It enhances educational
efforts, offering information as well as strengthening
the base of general knowledge in a way that has
helped to improve our everyday lives .
Thank You….
