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Higher-Order Differential Equations: Section 4.5: Undetermined Coefficients - Annihilator Approach

This document discusses higher-order differential equations and the method of undetermined coefficients. It introduces polynomial differential operators that annihilate specific functions. It then provides examples of finding the annihilating operator for given functions and finding the general solution to nonhomogeneous differential equations using the method of undetermined coefficients in multiple steps.

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Saad Hussain
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150 views16 pages

Higher-Order Differential Equations: Section 4.5: Undetermined Coefficients - Annihilator Approach

This document discusses higher-order differential equations and the method of undetermined coefficients. It introduces polynomial differential operators that annihilate specific functions. It then provides examples of finding the annihilating operator for given functions and finding the general solution to nonhomogeneous differential equations using the method of undetermined coefficients in multiple steps.

Uploaded by

Saad Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4:

Higher-Order
Differential Equations
Section 4.5: Undetermined Coefficients –
Annihilator Approach
 Remember that
Consider the following linear nonhomogeneous equation

( 𝑛) ( 𝑛 −1 ) ′′ ′
𝑎
  𝑛𝑦 +𝑎 𝑛 −1 𝑦 +…+ 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝑦 +𝑎 0 𝑦= 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) , ( 1 )

 where are constants.

 A polynomial differential operator is said to be annihilator of a function if

 (1) is an annihilator of the function because

  ( 6 𝑥 −3 ) ¿  𝐷 ( 𝐷 ( 6 𝑥 −3 ) ) ¿  𝐷 ( 6 ) ¿  0
2
𝐷

 (2) is an annihilator of the function or because


( 𝐷 2+ 1 ) cos 𝑥 ¿  𝐷 2 cos 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 ¿  −cos 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 ¿  0
 Remember that
Consider the following linear nonhomogeneous equation

( 𝑛) ( 𝑛 −1 ) ′′ ′
𝑎
  𝑛𝑦 +𝑎 𝑛 −1 𝑦 +…+ 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝑦 +𝑎 0 𝑦= 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) , ( 1 )

 where are constants.

 A polynomial differential operator is said to be annihilator of a function if

 (3) is an annihilator of the function because


(  𝐷 +9 ) 𝑒 −9 𝑥 ¿  𝐷 𝑒− 9 𝑥 +9 𝑒 −9 𝑥 ¿  −9 𝑒 −9 𝑥 + 9 𝑒− 9 𝑥 ¿  0
 Remember that
In general, (1)

or any linear combination of them.

(2)

or any linear combination of them.

(3)

or any linear combination of them.

As a special case:   annihilates any linear combination of and .


Find a linear differential operator that annihilates the given function.

(  1 ) 1+6 𝑥 − 2 𝑥3 (  1 ) 𝐷 4

( 2 ) 12cos 3 𝑥 (  2 ) 𝐷 2+ 9

( 3 ) 6 sin 3 𝑥 (  3 ) 𝐷 2+ 9

( 4 ) 10 𝑒 −2 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 −7 𝑒−2 𝑥 sin 4 𝑥 (  4 ) ( 𝐷 +2 )2 +16

( 5 ) 2 𝑒6 𝑥 +11 𝑥 𝑒6 𝑥 (  5 ) ( 𝐷 − 6 ) 2

( 6 ) 𝑥 2 𝑒 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 3
(  6 ) ( ( 𝐷 − 3 ) 2 +1 )
Remark
 (1) If is an annihilator of (i.e. ) and   is an annihilator of (i.e. )

 where and are linear differential operators with  constant coefficients such that and then

 or (the product of annihilators) annihilates for any constants and , that is,
  𝐿1 𝐿2 ( 𝑐 1 𝑦 1 +𝑐 2 𝑦 2 )= 0∨ 𝐿2 𝐿1 ( 𝑐 1 𝑦 1 + 𝑐2 𝑦 2 )=0.

(2) In practice, we take annihilator of lowest possible order that does the annihilation.
Find a linear differential operator that annihilates the given function.

(  1 ) 𝑥 +𝑒 −2 𝑥 (  1 ) 𝐷 2 ( 𝐷 +2 )

2
( 2 ) 2 𝑥 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥 𝑒2 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 (  2 ) 𝐷 4 ( ( 𝐷 − 2 )2 +9 )

(  3 ) 1+ 𝑥 2 +sin 𝑥+cos 5 𝑥 (  3 ) 𝐷 3 ( 𝐷 2 +1 ) ( 𝐷 2 +25 )


( 𝑛) ( 𝑛 −1) ′′ ′
𝑎
  𝑛 𝑦 +𝑎 𝑛 −1 𝑦 +…+ 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑎1 𝑦 +𝑎 0 𝑦=𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
The Method of Undetermined Coefficients
 Recall that the general solution of the DE is where

is the solution of the associated homogeneous equation

is the particular solution of

 Step 1: Find the solution of the homogeneous equation .

 Step 2: Find a of and apply it on the both sides of the original DE (after you but the DE in operator form).

 Step 3: Solve

 Step 4: Substitute that is found from Step 3 in the original DE to find the unknown coefficients.

 Step 5: The general solution of the original DE is


 Find the general solution of the differential equation

 𝑦= 𝑐1 𝑒 −2 𝑥 +𝑐 2 𝑒 −3 𝑥 + 19 − 5 𝑥 +3 𝑥2 .
6

 Find the general solution of the differential equation

 𝑦= 𝑐1 +𝑐 2 𝑒3 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 𝑒3 𝑥 + 6 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 .


3 5 5
 
D
−2𝑥
 𝑦 𝑝= 𝐴 𝑒 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑒− 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 .

 
D

2 3 2 2𝑥 3 2𝑥 4 2𝑥 5𝑥
 𝑦 𝑝= 𝐴𝑥+ 𝐵 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐸 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝐹 𝑥 𝑒 +𝐺 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝐻 𝑒 .
 Find the general solution of the differential equation

 𝑦= 𝑐1 cos 2 𝑥+𝑐 2 sin 2 𝑥 + 1 + 1 𝑥 sin 2 𝑥 .


8 8

 Find the general solution of the differential equation


1
 𝑦= 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 +𝑐 2 𝑒2 𝑥 +𝑐 3 𝑒 2 𝑥 +1+ 1 𝑥 𝑒2 𝑥 + 1 𝑒−2 𝑥 .
9 20
 Find the general solution of the differential equation

 𝑦= 𝑐1 cos 𝑥+ 𝑐2 sin 𝑥+ 1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 1 𝑥2 sin 𝑥 .


4 2 4

 
S

 𝑦=2 − 𝑒− 𝑥 − 𝑥+ 1 𝑥 2 .
2
Exam 1, Semester 181

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