Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18

College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Ordinary Differential Equations

of Order One

Prepared by:
Perlita A. Recile
1
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 A differential equation is an equation
involving an unknown function and its
derivatives.

GOAL: Find the unknown function that satisfies

the differential equation.

2
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 When an equation involves one or more
derivatives with respect to a particular
variable, that variable is called an independent
variable.
 A variable is called dependent if a
derivative of that variable occurs.
3
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Example
Determine the independent and dependent variables.

independent variable: t
dependent variable: i
parameters: L, R, C, E, and

4
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 A differential equation is an ordinary
differential equation if the unknown function
depends on only one independent variable.

 If the unknown function depends on two

or more independent variables, the differential
equation is a partial differential equation.
5
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
Determine the type of differential equation.

1.

2.

6
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
Determine the type of differential equation.

3.

4.

7
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest-ordered derivative.

 An equation of order two is referred to as

a “second-order equation.”

8
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 In general, the equation

is called an “nth-order” ordinary

differential equation

9
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 A function , defined on an interval
a < x < b, is called a solution of the differential
equation, provided that the n derivatives of the
function exist on the interval a < x < b and

for every x in a < x < b.

10
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples:
1. Verify that is a solution of the
equation

2. Verify that is
a solution to , where c1 and c2
are arbitrary constants.
11
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 A particular solution of a differential
equation is any one solution.

 The general equation of a differential

equation is the set of all solutions.

12
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 An ordinary differential equation of order
n is called linear if it may be written in the form

 The notion of linearity maybe extended to

partial differential equations.

13
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
State whether the differential equation is linear
and nonlinear.

1.

2.

14
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 A differential equation along with
subsidiary conditions on the unknown function
and its derivatives, all given at the same value
of the independent variable, constitutes an
initial-value problem.

15
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Differential Equations
 The subsidiary conditions are initial
conditions.

 If the subsidiary conditions are given at

more than one value of the independent
variable, the problem is a boundary-value
problem and the conditions are boundary
conditions. 16
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Some Types of Differential

Equations
 Linear Equations
If c an be written as the
differential equation is linear.

First-order linear differential equation:

17
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Some Types of Differential

Equations
 Bernoulli Equations
A Bernoulli differential equation is an equation
of the form
where n denotes a real number.

Note: When n = 1 or n = 0, a Bernoulli equation

reduces to a linear equation. 18
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Some Types of Differential

Equations
 Homogeneous Equations

A differential equation is

homogeneous if for

every real number t.

19
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions

 Families of Curves
The solutions of the differential equation,
do not occur in isolation, but as one-parameter
families of solutions, the parameter being the so-called
arbitrary constant c of equation,

20
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
1. The differential equation
has the family of solutions

If we wish to find one member of the family

that satisfies the additional condition that y
=6
when x = 0, then c = 8. 21
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
We then say that
is the solution of the initial value problem

22
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
Geometric interpretation of the solutions of

23
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
The geometric interpretation of the one-
parameter solutions of satisfies
an important property:

Through each point in the plane there passes one and only
one member of the family of solutions.

24
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
2. Consider the second-order equation

Integrate both sides wrt x.

Integrating again.

25
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
Note that there are two arbitrary constants, so
we have a two-parameter family of solutions.
Thus, suppose we want to find the solution to
that also satisfies and
. . Then we have the required
solution:

26
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
Geometric interpretation of the solutions of

27
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
The geometric interpretation of the solutions of
do not satisfy the uniqueness property
of the first-order case. However, these points
that intersect do not have the same slope at
their point of intersection.

28
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
Thus, for the second-order case the geometric
property becomes:

Through each point in the plane there passes one and only
one member of the family of solutions that has a given
slope.

29
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions

 The Isoclines of an Equation

In the previous examples, we used the analytic
method in finding the family of solutions to a
differential equation. We now consider looking for the
family of solutions using the geometric method.

30
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions
 The Isoclines of an Equation
Consider the differential equation of order one:

We can think of this equation as a machine that

assigns to each point (a, b) in the domain of f some
direction with slope f(a, b).
31
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions
 The Isoclines of an Equation
One way to visualize this idea is to draw a short mark
at a number of points to indicate the direction
associated with each of these points. This can be done
systematically by drawing curves called isoclines, that
is, curves along which the direction indicated by the
differential equation is fixed.
32
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
1. Consider the differential equation
The isoclines are straight lines:

33
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
c=3

c=2

c=1

c=-1/2
c=1

c=2

34
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples
2. Use the method of isoclines to sketch some
of the solution curves for the equation

The isoclines are circles

with c > 0.
35
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Examples

c=9

c=4

c=1

36
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions

 Existence Theorem
Consider the differential equation,
Let T denote the rectangular region defined by
and
a region with the point as its center. Suppose
that and are continuous functions of x and y
in T.
37
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions
 Existence Theorem
Under the conditions previously stated, an interval
exists about , , and a function
which has the properties:

A.

38
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions
 Existence Theorem
B.

C.

D.

39
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions
 Existence Theorem

Note that the interval may or may not need

to be smaller than the interval
over which conditions were imposed upon

40
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

Existence of Solutions
 Existence Theorem

If is sufficiently well-behaved near the point ,

then the differential equation h has a
solution that passes through the point and that
solution is unique near

41
Nueva Vizcaya State University Mathics 18
College of Teacher Education Differential Equations

BRAIN EXERCISES

42
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1 5
1. Find the order of the equation. 4
a. 3
2
b. 1

c.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 43
August 20, 2016
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1 5
2. Identify the independent variables, the
dependent variables and the parameters4in the
equations. 3
a. 2
1
b.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 44
August 20, 2016
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1 5
3. State whether the equation is ordinary or
partial, linear or nonlinear. 4
3
a. 2
1
b.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 45
August 20, 2016
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1 5
3. State whether the equation is ordinary or
partial, linear or nonlinear. 4
3
c. 2
1
d.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 46
August 20, 2016
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1
4. Verify that the function is a solution of the
differential equation on some interval, for any
choice of the arbitrary constants appearing in
the function.

a.

b.

47
August 20, 2016 Time Limit: 5 minutes
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1
4. Solve the differential equations.

c.

d.

48
August 20, 2016 Time Limit: 5 minutes
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1
5. Solve the initial value problems.

a.

b.

49
August 20, 2016 Time Limit: 10 minutes
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Activity No.1
6. For each of the differential equations, draw
several isoclines with appropriate direction
markers, and sketch several solution curves
for the equation.

a.

b.

50
August 20, 2016
Time Limit: 15 minutes
Nueva Vizcaya State University Math 216
College of Arts and Sciences Differential Equations

Thank you 

Here is your problem set 

51
August 20, 2016