AC Apparatus and Devices
AC Apparatus and Devices
EE 460L
COVERAGE FOR 1ST EXAM
• MAGNETISM
• Magnetic Field
• Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density
• Permeability
• Relation between Flux Density and Field Intensity
• Magnetomotive Force
• Induced EMF
• Magnetic Circuits
INTRODUCTION
• Attracted by magnets
• Provide an easy path for magnetic flux
• Iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys
• First Law
• Like poles repel each other while unlike poles attract each other.
• Second Law
• The force between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product of their
magnetic strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centers.
Where:
MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY – H
• Two magnetic S poles are located 5 cm apart in air. If each pole has strength
of 5 mWb, find the force of repulsion between them.
EXAMPLE
• A bar of iron 1 cm2 cross-section has 10-4 Wb of magnetic flux on it. If the
relative permeability of iron is 2000, what is the magnetic field intensity in
the bar?
EXAMPLE
• A solenoid 20 cm long is wound with 300 turns of wire and carries a current
of 1.5 A. What is the approximate relative permeability of this core so as to
produce a magnetic field of 0.6 T inside?
MAGNETIC FIELD FROM A LONG STRAIGHT
CONDUCTOR
• If parallel wire
• Opposing – subtractiion
• Aiding – addition
EXAMPLE
• Two parallel wires A and B are 20 cm apart and each carries a current of 5 A
in the same direction. Find the flux density between the wires 5 cm from the
wire A.
FORCE EXPERIENCED BY A CURRENT
CARRYING CONDUCTOR IF PLACED IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
•
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
FORCE EXPERIENCED BY A CURRENT
CARRYING CONDUCTOR IF PLACED IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
EXAMPLE
•
FORCE BETWEEN CURRENT CARRYING
PARALLEL CONDUCTORS
• Calculate the magnitude of the force per 50 m exerted between two parallel
conductors, if they have a separation of 15 cm, and carry equal current of 225
A in opposite directions.
FORCE EXPERIENCED BY A MOVING
CHARGED PARTICLE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
• emf induced in a wire by moving either the wire or the magnet so that flux
cutting results
STATICALLY INDUCED EMF
• emf induced in a coil of wire by changing the magnetic flux linking with the
coil.
EXAMPLE
• The flux linking a 500 turn coil is given by Ø = 8t2 weber, where t is in
seconds. Compute the induced emf at t = 2 sec.
SELF INDUCTANCE
•
Where:
W = energy stored in the coil
L = inductance of the coil
I = current in the coil
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
EQUIVALENT MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE – mmf
• It is the driving force required to drive the magnetic field through magnetic
circuit by passing an electric current I through a number of turns N of wires.
• Symbol denoted to
RELUCTANCE -
• Reciprocal of reluctance
ANALOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
• EMF induced in a second coil by changing the flux or current in the first coil
(principle of transformer)
TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION
• Step-up Transformer
• Output voltage of a transformer is higher than its input voltage
• Step-down Transformer
• Output voltage of a transformer is lower than its input voltage
ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF SUPPLY
• Single-phase Transformer
• Three-phase Transformer
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR USE
• One alternating electrical source is applied to the primary winding and due
to this, magnetizing current flowing through the primary winding which
produces alternating flux in the core of transformer. This flux links with
both primary and secondary windings. As this flux is alternating in nature,
there must be a rate of change of flux.
• According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction if any coil or
conductor links with any changing flux, there must be an induced EMF in it.
• 𝐸 =4.44 𝑁𝑓 ϕ 𝑚
RATIO OF TRANSFORMER
•Turns Ratio
𝐸1 𝑁 1 𝐼 2
= = =𝑎
•Voltage Ratio 𝐸2 𝑁 2 𝐼 1
•Current Ratio 2
𝑍1 𝑁1
•Ohmic Ratio
𝑍2 ( )
=
𝑁2
=𝑎
2
POWER IN AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER
• During the test, the low side is supplied with rated voltage while
the high side is left open circuited.
• This test, we determined the CORE LOSS of the transformer.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
• During the test, the low side is short circuited while the high side
is supplied with voltage adjusted so that the high side will draw
high current.
• This test, we determined the full-load COPPER LOSSES of the
transformer.
EXAMPLE
• A transformer has a copper loss of 400 W. Find the copper loss at half-load.
EXAMPLE
• The hysteresis loss in a 6.6 kV, 60 Hz transformer is 480 W. What will be the
loss when the transformer is connected to a 6.9 kV, 40 Hz source.
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
•
EXAMPLE
• A 37.5 kVA transformer has rated core losses and copper losses of 300 W and
500 W. Determine the efficiency at half-load at 0.8 pf lagging.
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
• A 37.5 kVA transformer has rated core losses and copper losses of 300 W and
500 W. Determine the maximum efficiency at 0.8 pf lagging.
ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
• 𝑉 𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉 𝐹𝐿 𝐸2 − 𝑉 2
% 𝑉𝑅 = =
𝑉 𝐹𝐿 𝑉2
VOLTAGE REGULATION
• A single-phase transformer rated 7.2 kVA, 1.2 kV/120 V, has the following
winding parameters: r1 = 0.8 Ω, x1 = 1.2 Ω, r2 = 0.01 Ω, and x2 = 0.01 Ω.
Determine the voltage regulation of the transformer when it is delivering
rated load at 0.8 pf lagging.
PER-UNIT ANALYSIS
•
• Assume Sbase and Vbase
EXAMPLE
• A single-phase transformer rated 7.2 kVA, 1.2 kV/120 V, has the following
winding parameters: r1 = 0.8 Ω, x1 = 1.2 Ω, r2 = 0.01 Ω, and x2 = 0.01 Ω.
Determine the voltage regulation of the transformer when it is delivering
rated load at 0.8 pf lagging.
•
2
( 𝑉 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) ( 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 )
𝑅,𝑋,𝑍 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑤 =𝑅,𝑋,𝑍 𝑝𝑢𝑜𝑙𝑑 2
𝑉( 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) ( 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑑 )
EXAMPLE
A 5 MVA, 230/13.8 kV, single phase power transformer has a per unit
resistance of 1 percent and a per unit reactance of 5 percent (data taken from
the transformers nameplate).
a. Find the equivalent circuit referred to the low voltage side of this
transformer.
b. If the voltage on the secondary side 13.8 kV and the power supplied at 0.8
pf lagging, find the voltage regulation of the transformer. Find its
efficiency.
PARALLEL OPERATION
WHY PARALLEL OPERATION OF
TRANSFORMERS IS REQUIRED?
• Increased Load
• Non-availability of large transformer
• Increased reliability
• Transportation is easier for small transformers
CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION
• Y-Y Connection
• Has the advantage being
all transformer windings
are subjected only to the
line to line voltage divided
by √3.
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANKS
• Δ-Δ Connection
• Used for moderate voltages,
large current operations
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANKS
• Δ-Y Connection
• Used for stepping up voltages
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANKS
• Y-Δ Connection
• Used for stepping down voltages
EXAMPLE
• Three 1:10 transformers are connected delta-wye for stepping up the 2.3 kV
three-phase source. Determine the secondary line voltage.
EXAMPLE
• Three 30:1 step down transformers are connected Y-Δ for stepping down the
132,000 volts three-phase transmission voltage. Determine the secondary line
voltage.
EXAMPLE
• Two transformers in open delta connection is loaded to its full capacity when
supplying a balanced 3-phase load of 100 kVA. If a third similar transformer
is added forming a delta-delta connection, what will be the rated capacity of
the set?
EXAMPLE