Heat Loss and Gain: Civil Engineering and Architecture

Heat Loss and Gain
Civil Engineering and Architecture © 2010 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Heat Loss and Gain
• Heat Transfer
• Heating System Design
• Cooling System Design
• British Thermal Units (Btu)
• Formula for Heat Load
• Heat Loss Through a Wall
• Wall R-Value
• Convert R-Value to U-Factor
• Using Engineering Design Data
• ΔT = Temperature Differential
• Total Heat Transmission Load
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy
between physical systems (depending on the
temperature and pressure) by dissipating heat.
• Always occurs from the region of high temperature to
the region of lower temperature.
• Thermal equilibrium is reached when all bodies and
the surroundings reach the same temperature.
• Fundamental modes of heat transfer
o Conduction
o Convection
o Radiation
Heat Transfer
Creating a comfortable interior environment
while using energy efficiently is a common
goal in building design.
Reducing heat
transfer between the
interior and exterior
environments is often
a priority in designing
energy-efficient
buildings.
Heat Transfer
Thermal Conduction: The process of heat transfer
through a solid by transmitting kinetic energy from
one molecule to the next.
Heat Transfer
Thermal Convection: Heat transmission by the
circulation of a liquid or gas.
Heat Transfer
Radiant Heat: Energy radiated or transmitted as
rays, waves, or in the form of particles.
Heat Transfer
Which mode of heat transfer is represented
by each type of arrow?.
Con
vec
tion dia tion
Ra
Conduction
Heat Transfer
• Heat loss occurs in the winter when a heating system
warms the inside air
– the outside temperature is lower than the inside temperature
• Heat gain occurs in summer when air conditioning cools
the inside air
– the outside temperature is higher than the inside temperature
Heating System Design
• In order to effectively heat a space,
the heating system must provide at
least as much thermal energy as is
lost through heat transfer.
• It is desirable to minimize heat loss
– Minimize conductance through the
thermal envelope
• Insulation with higher R-value
• Windows and skylights with lower U-factor
– Minimize convection
• Eliminate air leaks in building envelope
Cooling System Design
• In order to effectively cool a space, the
cooling system must remove at least as
much thermal energy as is added
through heat transfer.
• Additional thermal loads for cooling
– Solar radiant heat gain through windows
– Occupant heat gain is about 250 Btu/h per occupant,
or up to 715 Btu/h if occupant is exercising
– Equipment heat gain from equipment such as
computers, coffee makers, etc.
– Lighting heat gain
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
• Unit of energy used in the United States
• A Btu is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit
One Btu is about the amount of

energy produced by a burning
match.
• Fahrenheit is a common
temperature scale used by
engineers in heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC).
• Btu/h is a way of measuring the
heating power of a system such
as a furnace, hot water heater,
or a barbecue grill.
• 1 watt is approximately 3.4 Btu
hr
• 12,000 Btu is referred to as a ton in most
hr
North American air conditioning
applications
R-Value: The measurement of thermal resistance used to
indicate the effectiveness of insulation.
ft 2  hr  F
Units:
Btu
U-Factor (coefficient of heat conductivity):
The measure of the flow of transmittance through a
material given a difference in temperature on either side.
Units: Btu Note that R = 1/U

ft 2  hr  F
Formula for Heat Load
Q' = AU T
Btu
Where Q' = Total cooling/heating load in hr
A = Area under investigation in ft2

Btu
U = Coefficient of heat conductivity in ft 2  hr  F
T = Difference in temperature between

outside and inside conditions in °F
Click here
to return to
calculation
Heat Loss Through a Wall
No windows or doors
Height = 8 ft
Length = 12 ft
Area = 8 ft x 12 ft = 96 ft2
Wall R-Value
Outside Air Film neglect
Siding 1.05
Insulation 13.00
Drywall 0.68
Inside Air Film 0.68
Total R-Value 15.41 ft2  hr  F
Btu
Convert R-Value to U-Factor
ft 2  hr  F
Total R-Value= 15.41
Btu

U = .064 Btu
ft 2  hr  F
(Do not round up)
Using Engineering Design Data
Choose your nearest location using the data
from one of the following
• International Plumbing Code
•Local weather data
•National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) Engineering
Weather Data
Using Engineering Design Data
Source: 2012 International Plumbing Code, Table D101
Use 97 ½% value for heating Use 2 ½% value for cooling

calculations. A 97.5% value has calculations. A 2.5% value has been
been exceeded 97.5% of the year. exceeded only 2.5% of the year. In
In other words, during approximately other words, during approximately 9
355 days in the year, the days in the year, the temperature
temperature exceeds this value exceeds this value
(365 x .975 = 355.9 days). (365 x .025 = 9.1 days).
T = Temperature Differential
The difference between the design outside
temperature and the design inside
temperature
Design Outside Design Inside

Temperature Temperature
4 °F 68 °F
(in Worcester, MA)
Total Heat Loss
(or Transmission Load)
Q' = AU T
A = (8 ft) (12 ft) = 96 ft2
°F
Btu
U = .064 ft 2  hr  F
T = 68°F - 4°F = 64 °F
Btu Btu
2
Q ′ =(96 ft ) 0.064 2
(
ft ∙ hr ∙° F )
( 64 ° F ) = 393.2
hr
Click here to
see equation
Heat Loss and Gain
• Heat Transfer
• Heating System Design
• Cooling System Design
• British Thermal Units (Btu)
• Formula for Heat Load
• Heat Loss Through a Wall
• Wall R-Value
• Convert R-Value to U-Factor
• Using Engineering Design Data
• ΔT = Temperature Differential
• Total Heat Transmission Load
Image Resources
Microsoft, Inc. (n.d.). Clip art. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx

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Heat Loss and Gain

One Btu is about the amount of

Units: Btu Note that R = 1/U

A = Area under investigation in ft2

T = Difference in temperature between

Outside Air Film neglect

Source: 2012 International Plumbing Code, Table D101

Use 97 ½% value for heating Use 2 ½% value for cooling

Design Outside Design Inside

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