Scribd
Upload
29 views14 pages

ENERGY 211 / CME 211: October 6, 2008

Namespaces allow distinguishing names declared in different files to avoid conflicts. The using directive allows using names from a namespace without prefixes. The using declaration forces use of a specific name from a namespace. Global variables can be prefixed with :: to distinguish them from namespace variables. Namespace aliases provide shorter substitutes for long namespace names. Streams like std::cin and std::cout are used for input and output. Strings and vectors provide object-oriented ways to work with text and lists of data in C++. Iterators are used to access elements of containers like vectors.

Uploaded by

danty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views14 pages

ENERGY 211 / CME 211: October 6, 2008

Namespaces allow distinguishing names declared in different files to avoid conflicts. The using directive allows using names from a namespace without prefixes. The using declaration forces use of a specific name from a namespace. Global variables can be prefixed with :: to distinguish them from namespace variables. Namespace aliases provide shorter substitutes for long namespace names. Streams like std::cin and std::cout are used for input and output. Strings and vectors provide object-oriented ways to work with text and lists of data in C++. Iterators are used to access elements of containers like vectors.

Uploaded by

danty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

ENERGY 211 / CME 211

Lecture 7
October 6, 2008

1
Namespaces
• We have seen expressions such as
std::cout, that are unique to C++
• std refers to a namespace
• C++ programmers use code written by
others, and names can easily conflict
• Namespaces allow distinguishing
names declared in different files
• Still, it would be nice to not have to
explicitly mention them all the time!
2
The using Directive
• Form:
using namespace namespace-name;
• Allows use of names declared within a
namespace, without specifying the
namespace each time
• Compiler will look in the namespace for
names that are not declared elsewhere
• Example: using namespace std;
allows use of cout instead of
std::cout
3
using Declarations
• Form:
using namespace-name::var-name;
• Specifies that any instance of var-name
(without a namespace) refers to the
object var-name declared within
namespace-name
• The using directive allows the compiler
to look for any name in a namespace,
but a using declaration forces use of a
namespace for a specific name
4
Global Names
• Usually, variables are declared within a
function (these are local variables) or
within a namespace
• Global variables are declared outside of
any function or namespace
• If a global variable conflicts with a
namespace variable or local variable,
we can prefix the global variable with
a :: (by itself) to avoid ambiguity
5
Namespace Aliases
• A namespace can have a very long
name, for example to identify the
company who created it
• A namespace alias allows a shorter
name to be substituted for convenience
• Form:
namespace alias = original;
• Then original::x can be replaced with
alias::x throughout
6
Input from std::cin
• char c; c = cin.get(); reads a
character from cin and assigns it to c
• string s; getline(cin, s);
reads a line from cin and stores it in s
• cin.clear(); resets cin to working
state after >> fails due to bad input
• cin == true is true if cin is in working
state, false otherwise
• cin >> x reads from cin, stores in x
7
Output to std::cout
• cout.put(c); writes char c to cout
• cout << x writes x to cout
• cout.flush(); forces any buffered
output to be written immediately
• cout.width(n); sets field width to n
• cout.precision(n); sets number of
decimal places printed to n (default 6)
• cout.fill(c); sets the fill character
to c (default is space)
8
std::string
• In C, strings are arrays of characters
• The C standard library provides
functions for working with strings, but
they are still cumbersome
• The type std::string provides
higher-level functionality
• strings can be initialized at
declaration (like integer variables), and
assigned, unlike in C
9
Operations on strings
• Can access individual characters of a
string using the [] operator, which also
accesses elements of an array
(discussed next time)
• Can use + to concatenate string
objects, as well as string literals
• Can use >> to read from an input
stream into a string object, but only
one word at a time
10
std::vector<>
• This is an incomplete type, known as a
class template
• The type is completed by specifying the
type of the elements of the vector,
between the <>
• Generic operations are implemented
once, and apply to vectors of any type
• Vectors can be treated as a list, or as
an array (for random access),
depending on the application
11
Example: Sorting
• Reads numbers from standard input
• Stores them in a vector object
• Uses sort function to sort them in
increasing order
• Vector is sorted "in-place", that is,
overwritten with elements in sorted
order
• Iterates through the vector, using
random access to display each one
12
Iterators
• An iterator is a type whose values locate
objects as if they were C array elements
• Types of iterators:
– Trivial: gives location and nothing more
– Forward: can use ++ to access next location
– Bi-directional: Forward, along with --
– Random-access: Bi-directional, with +, - to
skip over locations, [] to access any
location
• sort uses random-access iterators from
begin() and end() member functions
13
Next Time
All about functions!
• Types of functions (this bullet point has
a double meaning)
• Overloading operators
• inline functions
• Passing arguments

14

You might also like