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Simple and Compound Statements

The document defines simple and compound statements in logic. Simple statements are declarative sentences without connectives, while compound statements combine two or more simple statements using conjunction, conditional, negation, disjunction, or biconditional connectives. Examples are provided of translating English language statements to their symbolic logical forms using these connectives.

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Sarah S Figueroa
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279 views28 pages

Simple and Compound Statements

The document defines simple and compound statements in logic. Simple statements are declarative sentences without connectives, while compound statements combine two or more simple statements using conjunction, conditional, negation, disjunction, or biconditional connectives. Examples are provided of translating English language statements to their symbolic logical forms using these connectives.

Uploaded by

Sarah S Figueroa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Simple and

Compound
Statements

LOGIC 213
Definition
– A statement (or proposition) is a
sentence (or assertion) that is true
or false but not both. We typically
use letters like p, q to denote
propositions.
Simple Statements

* declarative sentences which do not contain


a connective
* The restriction to declarative sentences is
important.
*S – C – P
EXAMPLE:

– Grass is green.
–  Ignacio is hungry.
– It is snowing.
– Annapolis is the capital of United States.
– All is fair in love.
Compound Statements

* A combination of two or more simple


statements.
* Conjunction
* Conditional
* Negation
CONJUNCTION

– compound statement formed by connecting


statements with the word “for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, so, etc.”
– The symbol is (∧ )
EXAMPLE:

– Let p and q represent the following simple statements:


p: It is after 5 P.M.
q: They are working.
– Write each compound statement below in symbolic
form:
It is after 5 P.M. and they are working.
p∧q
DISJUNCTION

– compound statement formed using the


inclusive “or”
– represented by the symbol ∨
EXAMPLE:

– Let p and q represent the following simple statements:


p: The bill receives majority approval.
q: The bill becomes a law.
– Write each compound statement below in symbolic form:
The bill receives majority approval or the bill becomes
a law.
p∨q
CONDITIONAL

– If-Then Statements
– “If p, then q is symbolized by p → q
– The statement before the → is called the
antecedent.
– The statement after the → is called the
consequent.
EXAMPLE:

– Let p and q represent the following simple statements:


p: A person is a father.
q: A person is a male.
– Write each compound statement below in symbolic form:
If a person is a father, then that person is a male.
p→q
BICONDITIONAL

– true if the statement is still true when the


antecedent and consequent are reversed.
– The compound statement “p if and only if q”
(abbreviated as iff ) is symbolized by p ↔ q.
NEGATION

– The negation of a statement


– is “not p” and is symbolized ~p
– no, not, nor
EXAMPLE:

– It is not snowing.
~p
– It is after 5 P.M. and they are not working.
p ∧ ~q
EXAMPLE:

– The bill receives majority approval or the bill


does not become a law.
p ∨ ~q
– If a person is not a male, then that person is
not a father.
~q → p
Statements of Symbolic Logic

Name Symbolic Form Common English Translations

Negation ~p Not p. It is not true that p.

Conjunction p∧q p and q, p but q

Disjunction p∨q p or q.
p is sufficient for q, q is
Conditional p → q If p, then q, necessary for p.
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

1. A student misses lecture.


2. Kato is a dog and Kato is a mammal.
3. Either Richmond is in Virginia or Richmond is in Norway.
4. A person is a bachelor if and only if that person is an
unmarried male.
5. A person is a father only if that person is a male.
SYMBOLIC FORM
TO
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Common English
Name Symbolic Form Translations
Negation ~p Not p. It is not true that p.

Conjunction p∧q p and q, p but q

Disjunction p∨q p or q.
p is sufficient for q, q is
Conditional p → q If p, then q,
necessary for p.
p ↔ q p if and p is necessary and
Biconditional
only if q sufficient for q.
EXAMPLE:
Negation
– Let p: I fail the course.
– Let q: I study hard.
– In words, what is:
– ~p
– I will not fail the course.

– ~q
– I don’t study hard.
EXAMPLE:
Conjunction and Disjunction
– Let p: The house is for sale
– Let q: We can afford to buy the house

– In words, what is:


– p ∧ ~q
– The house is for sale and we cannot afford to buy the house.
– ~p V ~q
– The house is not for sale or we cannot afford to buy the house.
EXAMPLE:
Conditional
– Let p: I do my homework
– Let q: I get my allowance.

– In words, what is:


– p→q
– If I do my homework then, I get my allowance.
EXAMPLE:
Biconditional
– Let p: Today is Tuesday
– Let q: Yesterday was Monday.

– In words, what is:


– p↔q
– If today is Tuesday, then yesterday was Monday.
– If yesterday was Monday, then today is Tuesday.

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