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Asper School of Business 9.613 Using Information Technology Part-Time MBA, December 2001 Instructor: Bob Travica

The document discusses distributed systems including key terminology, concepts, types, rationale, conditions, architectures and trends. It covers topics such as client-server models, distributed data management, and how distributed systems support organizational needs through decentralization.

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32 views15 pages

Asper School of Business 9.613 Using Information Technology Part-Time MBA, December 2001 Instructor: Bob Travica

The document discusses distributed systems including key terminology, concepts, types, rationale, conditions, architectures and trends. It covers topics such as client-server models, distributed data management, and how distributed systems support organizational needs through decentralization.

Uploaded by

RavenShieldX
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Asper School of Business

9.613 Using Information Technology


Part-Time MBA, December 2001
Instructor: Bob Travica

Class 3
Distributed Systems

9.613 Using Information Technology


Outline

• Key systems terminology

• Concept of distributed systems

• Types of distributed systems

• Rationale for Distributing Systems

• Conditions for Distributed Systems

• Distributed Systems Architectures

• Client-Server (C/S) Architecture

• Trends in Distributed Architectures

9.613 Using Information Technology


Key Systems Terminology (Computer-Based IS)

• Data component
- content and structure of data, storage (hardware),
retrieval (software)
- concern of database developers and system analysts

• Process component
- data processing/transformation & movement
-“programs” for processing & network software & hardware,
functionality
- concern of programmers and system analysts
• User interface (part of software - screens the user sees)

More

9.613 Using Information Technology


Key Systems Terminology

Process Data

User interface

User

More

9.613 Using Information Technology


Key Systems Terminology

Organizational
Organizational
Goals
Goals
Work
WorkDomain
Domain
Needs
Needs System
System
Data,
Data,Processes
Processes
&&
User
UserInterface
Interface
System Requirements
System Design

More
9.613 Using Information Technology
Key Systems Terminology

IS Architecture (ISA) – an overall design of organizational


information resources (specific systems & their design,
IT types & standards, data models, networks, spatial layout)

Cognate concepts (more specific than ISA):


• Systems Design (specific systems - above)
• IT Infrastructure (fundamental enterprise-wide IT; necessary for
applications to run; e.g., enterprise-wide databases, operating systems)
• Information Architecture (just data component)
• Networks Architecture (communication protocols, topology, layout)

9.613 Using Information Technology


Distributed System (DS) Concept

• Opposite to centralized system

• In DS, processing and/or data decentralized to certain degree

Mainframe with Client-Server Interconnected


dumb terminals Systems stand-alone systems

high Centralization Continuum low

• Key role of networking

• Importance of standards for connectivity

9.613 Using Information Technology


Why distribute systems?

• To support organizational requirements (efficiency,


effectiveness)

• Technological reasons (efficiency, effectiveness in


data, input, processing, transfer, storage)

• To support distributed organizational forms


(country/region, division, process, teams;
virtual organizations consisted of different firms)

9.613 Using Information Technology


Conditions for Distributed Systems
• Spatial dispersion of organization

• Different data/information needs


(FF franchises; regional division of production vs.
sales – DDB example)
• Different data/information & processing needs (MN Corp.-
accounting, marketing, production—input, quality control)

• Culture supporting decentralization (ex: PARC, change


at IBM)
o rp.
r ing d
oo r l C
ctu f ona
fa a st hise n ati
a nu F nc lti
M fra Mu

low System Distribution high

9.613 Using Information Technology


Distributed Systems Architectures

• Interconnected Stand-Alone Systems (departmental


processing and data management with communication
links between departments; opposite to HBH)

• Peer LAN-Based System (equal distribution of processing


and data management among peer computers)

• Client-Server Architecture Models (next slide)

More

9.613 Using Information Technology


Client-Server (C/S) Architecture

• C/S systems distributes either data or processing


or both between a machine that requests a service (client)
and a machine that provides a service (server).

• User interface is typically the client’s responsibility.

More

9.613 Using Information Technology


Client-Server (C/S) Architecture

• C/S systems distributes either data or processing


or both between a machine that requests a service (client)
and a machine that provides a service (server).

• User interface is typically the client’s responsibility.

Request
Client Server

Service

Client Middleware Server

More

9.613 Using Information Technology


Client-Server Models

• Models of C/S architecture determined by different


distribution patterns (Figure 5-8; e.g., S manages data
and shares processing with C, or S just manages data wile
all processing on C)

• Try a bit different terms, taking server perspective


(“remote” refers to client):

Distributed presentation (user interface)


Remote Presentation
Distributed Processing
Remote Processing
Distributed Data Management

9.613 Using Information Technology


IT Infrastructure

• The fundamental IT capability (company-wide network and


databases, large-scale computing facilities + essential technical
and management solutions – ex: distributed vs. centralized arch. )

• Similar to other infrastructures (city, transportation…;


hard/technical + soft/social & cognitive components – policies,
professions, jobs, knowledge)

• Serves as the basis for applications/services;


Complex, costly, long-term, promised & intangible benefits

9.613 Using Information Technology


Trends in Distributed Architectures

• Pervasive computing (e.g., Jini from Sun Microsystems;


any network used for connecting clients,
servers and consumer devices; Java objects instead of
device drivers)

• Peer-to-Peer (e.g., Napster - distributed data,


Groove - distributed data; Internet used as network)

• Application Service Providers – distributed processing

9.613 Using Information Technology

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