Electric Machine

DC Motor
By

Dr. Shorouk Ossama

 References

Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery

Fundamentals”, 5th Edition, 2012.
 Introduction

• Direct current machines (DC) are most often

used for a motor. DC motors have excellent
control characteristic for speed and torque.
DC motors are often used in power stations to
drive emergency stand-up pump systems.
• which come into operation to protect
essential equipment and plant should the
normal a.c. supplies or pumps fail. However,
their application is limited to mills, mines and
trains. As examples, trolleys and underground
subway cars may use dc motors.
• An electrical motor consists of a cylindrical
rotor that spins inside a stator.
A Two Pole DC Motor
A Four Pole DC Motor
Rotor Assembly of a DC Motor
 Principle of Operation
• D.C motors converts electrical energy (DC)
into mechanical energy. Its construction is
similar to DC generator.
• A DC motor works on the principle that
“whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force”.
• The magnetic is given by:

F=BIL
Where: F = Force in Newton
B = Flux density in Weber/meter2
I = Current in amperes flowing through the
conductor
L = Length of the conductor in meters
The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule.
 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule Or
Motor Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD

900

N 900
IO
OT
M

900
=
B
UM

MIDDLE FINGER= CURRENT

TH

FORCE = B IAl
• The construction of a DC motor is the same as
a DC generator.
• The only difference is that in a generator the
generated e.m.f (Ea) is greater than the

terminal voltage (VT), where as in a motor the

generated e.m.f is less than the terminal
voltage.
 Back E.M.F

• When a d.c. motor rotates, an e.m.f is

induced in the armature conductors. By Lenz’s
law this induced e.m.f (E) opposes the supply
voltage (V), is given by:
DC Generator

DC Motor
 Torque of DC Motor
• For a d.c. motor, the supply voltage (V), is given by:

• Multiplication each term by current:

Total electrical Mechanical

The loss due to
power supplied power
armature
to the armature developed by
resistance
the armature
 Interaction of the DC Motor
and Mechanical Load

+
Ia Tload
+

VT m Mechanical
Ea DC Motor
Load (Pump,
- - -
Tdev Compressor)

Ea is Back EMF
VT is Applied voltage
Tdev is the Torque developed by DC Motor
Tload is the opposing load torque
 Interaction of Prime-mover
DC Generator and Load

Tdev Ia
+
+

Prime-mover m VL

Load
Ea
(Turbine) DC Generator-
Tpm -

Ea is Generated voltage
VL is Load voltage
Tpm is the Torque generated by Prime Mover
Tdev is the opposing generator torque
• Example 1:

A six-pole, lap-wound motor is connected to a

250v d.c. supply. The armature has 500
conductors and a resistance of 1 ohm. The
flux per pole is 20m Wb. Calculate:
(a) The speed, (b) The torque developed when
the armature current is 40 Apm.
(a) Back e,m,f: E = V - Ia Ra=

250 – (40 x 1) = 210v

so, N = 1260 rpm

(b) Torque, = 63.66 N.m

 Shunt Wound Motor
• In the shunt wound motor the field winding is
in parallel with the armature across the
supply.

Shunt Field Coil Armature

RA
I = If + I a

V = E + IaRa
•The Characteristics :

The
Torque/Armature
Current
Characteristics

Speed/ Armature
Current
Characteristics
• Example 2:
A 230 v, 10 hp d.c. shunt motor delivers
power to a load at 1200 r/min. the armature
current drawn by the motor is 200 Amp. The
armature circuit resistance of the motor is 0.2
ohm and field resistance is 115 ohm. If the
rotational losses are 500 W, what is the value
of the load torque?
• The back e.m.f induced in the armature is:
E = V – Ia Ra = 230 – (0.2 x 200) = 190v
• Power developed (in the rotor), Pdev = Eb Ia = 38000 W
•Power delivered to the load, P0 = Pload
= Pdev – Prot = Pout = 38000 – 500 = 37500 W
•Since speed: w = 2πN/60 = 2πx 1200/60 = 40 π rad/sec
•Where N is the speed in revolutions per minute
(r/min), the torque supplied to the load can be
calculated as:
•Load torque, T0 = P0 / w = 298.4 N.m
 Series - Wound Motor
• In the series wound motor the field winding is
in series with the armature across the supply.
RA

Armature
I = If + Ia

Series Field Coil V = E + Ia (Ra + Rs)

•The Characteristics :

The
Torque/Armature
Current
Characteristics

Speed/ Armature
Current
Characteristics
•Example 3:
A series connected Dc motor has an armature
resistance of 0.5 ohm and field winding
resistance of 1.5 ohm. In driving a certain
load at 1200 rpm, the current drawn by the
motor is 20 Amp from a voltage source of VT =
220 v. The rotational loss is 150 W.
Find the output power and efficiency.
•Induced voltage: E = V – Ia (Ra + Rs) = 180v
•Power developed (in the rotor):
Pdev = Eb Ia = 180 x 20 = 3600 W
•Power delivered to the load:
P0 = Pdev – Prot = 3600 – 150 = 3450 W

•The total input power:

Pin = VT Ia = 220 x 20 = 4400 W

•Therefore, efficiency can be calculated as:

Ƞ = (P / P ) x 100% = 78.41%
 Compound - Wound Motor
•If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a
cumulatively excited machine, If the shunt and series field
oppose each other it is called a differentially excited
machine.
Series Field Coil

Shunt Field Coil Armature

RA
•The Characteristics :

The Torque/Armature Current

Characteristics
•Example 4:
A 50 hp, 250 v , 1200 rpm DC shunt motor with
compensating windings has an armature resistance of 0.06
ohm. Its field circuit has a total resistance (Radj + Rf) of 50
ohm, which produces a no-load speed of 1200 rpm. The
shunt field winding has 1200 turns per pole:
(a) Find the motor speed when its input current is 100Amp.
(b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200Amp.
(c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300Amp.
(d) Plot the motor torque/speed characteristic.
(a) Since the input current IL = 100Amp,

If = (VT/Rf) = (250/50) = 5 Amp

Ia = IL - If = 100 - 5 = 95 Amp

•Therefore, Ea = VT – Ia Ra =

250 – (95 x 0.06) = 244.3v

•The resulting motor speed N2 is:

•Where: Ea1 = back emf at no-load = 250v
N1 = speed at no-load = 1200rpm
Ea2 = 244.3v
N2 = (1200 x 244.3) / 250 = 1173 rpm

(b) Similar computations for the input current

of 200Amp lead to N2 = 1144 rpm

(c)Similar computations for the input current of

300Amp lead to N2 = 1115 rpm
(d) To plot the output characteristic of the
motor, we need to find the torque
corresponding to each speed.
• At no-load, the torque is Zero.
Since the induced torque at any load is related
to the power converted in a DC motor:

Pa = Ea Ia = τ w

τ = Ea Ia / w
The Motor Torque/Speed Characteristic
 DC Machine Losses and Efficiency
(i) Copper Loss, due to I2R heat losses in the armature
and field windings.
(ii) Iron (or core) loss, due to hysteresis and eddy
current losses in the armature.
(iii) Friction and windage losses, due to bearing and air
resistance.
(iv) Brush contact loss between the brushes and
commutator.
• Output power (electrical) =
input power (mechanical) – total losses, P0 = Pa - Prot
Efficiency (Ƞ) = P / P
 Direction of Rotation
• The direction of rotation of a dc motor depends on
the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of
current flow in the armature. If either the direction of
the field or the direction of current flow through the
armature is reversed, the rotation of the motor will
reverse. However, if both of these factors are reversed
at the same time, the motor will continue rotating in
the same direction.
 Motor Speed
• The speed of a dc motor is changed by
changing the current in the field or by
changing the current in the armature.
• When the field current is decreased, the field
flux is reduced, and the counter emf
decreases. This permits more armature
current. Therefore, the motor speeds up.
• When the voltage applied to the armature is

decreased, the armature current is decreased,

and the motor again slows down. When the

armature voltage and current are both

increased, the motor speeds up.

Thanks