READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
garcua
READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY

WEEK 2
EXCERPT FROM THE
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
ACCOUNT “Katipunan
and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General”,
(pp. 82-88).
Santiago Alvarez was born on July
25,1872, he was a revolutionary
general and a founder and honorary
president of the first directorate of
Nationalista Party. Also known as
“Kidlat ng Apoy” because of his
inflamed bravery and dedication as
commander of Cavities famous
battle.
Santiago Alvarez the author of the memoirs,
was son of Mariano and a general of the army
on the Magdiwang side. For five full years, from
August 1896 to August 1901, hee claimed to be
one of those “who guided the Revolution”
although he was already active in the
Katipunan as a member and as a delegate even
before its outbreak. His memoirs were based
on notes he kept about the events of the
revolution and records which was entrusted to
him by “the original founders of the
Katipunan”.
Thus he was not only an eyewitness but also an active
participant of the events he narrated in this work. When
he wrote his memoirs in 1927, Alvarez was already fifty-
five years old, but he felt compelled to write them so “I
could shed more light on the different facets of the
revolution in the interest of honourable truth”. The
memoirs begin on March 14 1896, when he accompanied
Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Mata, both fellow
Cavitenos, to Manila for their initiation into the Katipunan
by Andres Bonifacio himself. He carries the story up to the
conclusion of the Truce of Biyak-na-Bato and the
voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his companions to
Hongkong.
While the focus of the memoirs is on the unfolding of
the Revolution in the Cavite and Bonifacio’s
involvement in Magdiwang/Magdalo affairs, Alvarez
also included some details on how the Revolution
played out elsewhere in Luzon — in Manila and
environs, Morong (Rizal), Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan,
Nueva Ecija and elsewhere.
Tejeros Convention
The Tejeros Convention was the meeting held on March
25, 1897 between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions
of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon Cavite. The
convention was called to discuss the defense of Cavite
against the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution.
The contemporary Governor General, Camilo de
Polavieja, had regained much of Cavite itself. The
convention was called to discuss the defense of Cavite
against the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution.
The contemporary Governor General, Camilo de Polavieja,
had regained much of Cavite itself. Instead, the convention
became an election to decide the leaders of the
revolutionary movement, bypassing the Supreme Council.
The revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a
friar estate residence in Tejeros to resume their discussions
regarding the escalating tension between the Magdalo and
Magdiwang forces; And also to settle once and for all the
issue of governance within the Katipunan through an
election.
Amidst implications on whether the Katipunan, which
operated as an alternative revolutionary government,
should be established as a monarchy or as a republic,
Bonifacio defended that it should be maintained as a
republic.
Emilio Aguinaldo was not present at the convention, but
was at a military front at Pasong Santol, a barrio of
Dasmariñas, Cavite. He was notified of his election to the
Presidency the following day, and his elder brother,
Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to travel to take the
oath of office.
Crispulo Aguinaldo was among those killed in the
Battle of Pasong Santol between March 7 and 24,
1897, which ended with a Spanish victory.
After leaving the convention, Bonifacio met on March
28 with 45 of his followers. Convinced that the
election at the convention had been invalid, they
drew up a document titled Acta de Tejeros giving their
reasons for having rejected the convention results.
EXCERPT from TEODORO AGONCILLO, “The
Revolt of the Masses, the story of Bonifacio
and the Katipunan”, University of the
Philippines Press: Q.C. 2002, (pp. 205-211;
214-217). Also referring to the events that
transpired during the Tejeros Convention.
This is fromchapter 12, “Seeds of
Discontent”.
He was an
essayist and
poet.
He was born on
November 9, 1912 in
Lemery, Batangas
and died on January
14, 1985.
He was prominent 20th century
Filipino historian. He was one
of the first Filipino historians
renowned for promoting a
distinctly nationalist point of
view of Filipino history.
QUIZ
WEEK 2 – QUIZ
DUE – TODAY @ 4:30PM
Comparing Sources: A.
Robert Fox, ”The Tabon
Caves”, Manila: National
Museum: 1970. (p. 40)
[Human remains and
artifacts]
Robert Bradford Fox was an anthropologist and
leading historian on pre-Hispanic Philippines. In
1958, Fox led a National Museum team in
conducting extensive excavations on two sites at
Calatagan, Batangas, in what may be considered
the first systematic excavation involving the
National Museum in the country.In 1962, Dr.
Robert B. Fox, Chief Anthropologist of the
National Museum, discovered the fossilized
Pleistocene skull of the oldest man in the
Philippines inside the Tabon Caves of Quezon,
Palawan. The discovery drew international
attention and recognition, thus placing
Tabon Cave
The Tabon Cave was populated by peoples earlier than Tabon Man,
since stone tools were there again to prove this. The deepest soil
deposit of the cave was dated to aprroximately 50,000 years old, and
the youngest to about 10,000 years. This shows that the cave was
used continuously for about 40,000 years by peoples that used the
same kind of tools. The earliest carbon 14 date obtained for the
Tabon Cave was about 30,000 years B.C. from charcoal sample,
which among others suggest the earliest date for the use of the fire
in the Philippines.
The cave was named Tabon after the large-footed bird that lays
eggs in huge holes it digs into cave floors, many of which have
been found in the cave. The mouth is about 33 meters above the
sea level. A curious fact is that there is no signs of any sea shells
in the cave floor deposits. This is because during that time of
occupation by Tabon Man the sea coast was about thirty
kilometers away since the sea did not reach its present level
until about eleven to seven thousand years ago. The layer where
the fossils of the Tabon Man was found has been dated to 22 to
23 thousand years old, which also gives the age of the fossils.
The type of tools found in the Tabon Cave actually
continued to be in use in other sites in the Lipuun
Point even after Tabon Cave was abandoned. In
fact, this type of tools continued to be in use even
to recent times among certain peoples. There are
a number of archeological sites in the Philippines
that have this kind of tools together with tools of
later kind.
Tabon Man
In 1962, Dr. Robert B. Fox, Chief
Anthropologist of the National
Museum, discovered the fossilized
Pleistocene skull of the oldest man
in the Philippines inside the Tabon
Caves of Quezon, Palawan.
The discovery drew international attention and
recognition, thus placing Philippine Anthropology
in the limelight. As a result, the National Museum
received grants from the National Geographic
Society and the National Science Development
Board for the production and publication of "Tabon
Caves: Archaeological Exhibitions and Explorations
in Palawan Island, Philippines" in 1968.
The earliest evidence of man, himself, in the Philippines:
which is also the earliest appearance of modern man –
Homo sapiens sapiens – in these islands, is that of the
Tabon Man of Palawan. The discovery of the human
fossil was made by a National Museum team headed by
the late Dr. Robert B. Fox. The fossil is composed of the
skull cap, or the frontal skull bone, two fragments of jaw
bones and some teeth.
THANK
YOU
READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
WEEK 3
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Determine the contribution of the different kinds

of primary sources in the understanding of
Philippine History.
Develop critical and analytical skills with the
exposure to primary sources.

48
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THANK
YOU
READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
WEEK 4
and
WEEK 5
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN AND
THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE 88
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
KARTILYA NG
KATIPUNAN
EMILIO JACINTO

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN CODE OF

CONDUCT

PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA

PEOPLE WHO SIGNED AND WITNESS THE

PROCLAMATION

DECLARATION ACT 89
KARTILYA NG
KATIPUNAN
 EMILIO
JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto was an eloquent and brave young
man, known as both the soul and the brain of the
katipunan, Andres Bonifacio's revolutionary
organization. In his short life, Jacinto helped to
lead the fight for Filipino independence from
Spain. He laid out principles for the new
government envisioned by Bonifacio; in the end,
however, neither man would survive to see the
Spanish overthrown.

91
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
 WHAT IS KARTILYA
ALL ABOUT?

The Kartilya was about the thirteen

lessons that serve as the Katipuneros’
guide in living with morals and good
values. It was like a code of conduct that
shows how to be a true Filipino in words
and action. I believe that this Kartilya ng
Katipuan shows the path on how to live a
meaningful life for every Filipino. Each
lesson is unique in such a way that it
tackle different aspects of person’s life.

92
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
 CODE OF CONDUCT
1. The life that is not consecrated to a
lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree
without a shade, if not a poisonous weed.

2. To do good for personal gain and not

for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love
one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's
conduct, acts and words to what is in
itself reasonable.

4. Whether our skin be black or white,

we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be
understood, but not superiority by nature.

93
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
5. The honorable man prefers honor to
personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to
honor.

6. To the honorable man, his word is

sacred.

7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be

recovered but not time lost.

8. Defend the oppressed and fight the

oppressor before the law or in the field.

9. The prudent man is sparing in words

and faithful in keeping secrets.

10. On the thorny path of life, man is the

guide of woman and the children, and if
the guide leads to the precipice, those
whom he guides will also go there.

94
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
 11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as
a faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of
life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and
she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared
thee.

12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children,
brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers
and sisters of thy neighbor.

13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his

nose is aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a *priest,
a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he
enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven
and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and
honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being
oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he
be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.

95
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
14. When these rules of conduct shall be
known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty
shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy
portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse
everlasting joy among the confederated
brethren of the same rays, the lives of those
who have gone before, the fatigues and the
well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who
desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed
himself of all this and believes he will be able
to perform what will be his duties, he may fill
out the application for admission.

96
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
THE DECLARATION
OF THE
PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE

97
 The Philippine Declaration of Independence was
proclaimed on 12 June 1898 between four and five in
the afternoon in Cavite II el Viejo (present-day Kawit,
Cavite) Philippines at the ancestral home of General
Emilio Aguinaldo. With the public reading of the Act of
the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino
People, Filipino revolutionary forces under General
Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and
independence of the Philippine Islands from the colonial
rule of Spain.

98
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 • On 1 May 1898, the United States defeated the
Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay. Emilio
Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to
help American forces defeat the Spaniards. The
U.S. Navy agreed to transport him back aboard the
USS McCulloch, and on May 19, he arrived in
Cavite.

• The Act of the Proclamation of Independence of

the Filipino People is part of a long line of
declarations of independence including the United
States Declaration of Independence. It includes a
list of grievances against the Spanish government
stretching back to Ferdinand Magellan's arrival
in 1521 and confers upon "our famous Dictator Don
Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to
enable him to discharge the duties of Government,
including the prerogatives of granting pardon and
amnesty.

99
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 The event saw the unfurling of
the Flag of the Philippines,
made in Hong Kong by Marcela
Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo,
and Delfina Herboza, and the
performance of the Marcha
Filipina Magdalo, as the
national anthem, now known as
Lupang Hinirang, which was
composed by Julián Felipe and
played by the San Francisco de
Malabon marching band.

100
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, author of the Declaration of
Philpine Independence of June 12, 1898 was born on December 7,
1830 Binan, Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra
Altamira.
 
A distant relative of the Rizal family, he was often sought
after by young Jose for advice during the latter's student days
in Manila.
 
          Although Bautista was not as eminent as many
other great Filipino,   he was often likened to Mahatma
Gandhi, author of the Declaration  of Indian Independence of
January 26, 1930, and Ho Chi Minh, Father  of the Declaration
of Vietnamese Independence. AMBROSIO
AMBROSIORIANZARES
RIANZARES
 
          Little is known about Ambrosio's early BAUTISTA
BAUTISTA
education and activities. He must have completed his early
education in a school in his home town, then, he went to the
University of Santo Tomas where he obtained a Bachelor of Laws
degree.

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101
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
DAY
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite,
this 12th day of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War
Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to
proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of
Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the
Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a
Decree issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio
Aguinaldo y Famy,
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and
others of the army who could not attend, as well as
the representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of
this country are already tired of bearing the
ominous joke of Spanish domination,

102
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this day,
must used the same flag which up to now is being used, whose designed and colored are found described
in the attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society
of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the
tree stars, signifying the three principal Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay
where the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of
the country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight
provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which
declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated;
and the colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the
United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it
lent us and continues lending us.

103
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of
Declaration of Independence was signed by me
and by all those here assembled including the
only stranger who attended those proceedings,
a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson, a
Colonel of Artillery.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate

104
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight
persons, among them an American army officer who
witnessed the proclamation.

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105
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 DECLARATION ACT

• On June 12, between four and five in the

afternoon, Aguinaldo, in the presence of a
huge crowd, proclaimed the independence
of the Philippines at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit)
With a government in operation because
Aguinaldo thought that it was necessary to
declare the independence of the
Philippines. He believed that such a move
would inspire the people to fight more
eagerly against the Spaniards and at the
same time, lead the foreign countries to
recognize the independence of the country.

106
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 Click icon to add chart

Mabini, who had by now been made

Aguinaldo's unofficial adviser,
objected. He based his objection
on the fact that it was more
important to reorganize the
government in such a manner as to
convince the foreign powers of
the competence and stability of
the new government than to
proclaim Philippine independence
at such an early period.
Aguinaldo, however, stood his
ground and won.

107
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Apolinario Mabini’s The Philippine Revolution

Translated into
English by Leon Ma.
Guerrero

108
Apolinario Mabini

- Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer and statesman

who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the
Revolutionary Government, and then as the first Prime Minister of
the Philippines upon the establishment of the First Philippine
Republic.
- He is regarded as the "Utak ng Himagsikan" or "Brain of the
Revolution".
- Mabini performed all his revolutionary and governmental
activities despite having lost the use of both his legs to polio shortly
before the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

109
Mabini wrote The Philippine Revolution in 1901-1903 as both an
account and critique of the movement that established the first
Philippine Republic, as well as of the first years of the Philippines as a
self-governing nation.

The english translation of Apolinario Mabini’s “La Revolucion

Filipina”, commissioned by the National Historical Commission, was
done in a little more than a week following May Day 1969 under great
pressure of time and official business, and may have suffered in
consequence. As in my other translations I have tried to replace
Spanish idioms and expressions with their nearest English equivalents
whenever possible, instead of undertaking a strictly literal rendering.

110
The Spanish text used was that published in “La Revolucion Filipina”, II,
pp. 261-325, Bureau of Printing, Manila, 1931. Its editor, Teodoro M.
Kalaw, then director of the National Library, said the text “is a word for
word transcript of the original, written in pencil, which is in the
National Library. Mabini made a number of copies of it in his own
handwriting, making slight changes in some of them.” The variants
noted by Mr Kalaw in his footnotes to the Library’s published text are
inserted in italics in the present translation. A number of copying or
proof-reading errors have been corrected; for instance, “Bonifacio y
sus secretarios” in Chapter VIII should obviously read “Bonifacio y sus
sectarios”.

111
SUMMARY
SUMMA The Revolution failed because it was badly led; because its leader won
RY his post by reprehensible rather than meritorious acts; because instead
of supporting the men most useful to the people, he made them
useless out of jealousy.
Identifying the aggrandizement of the people with his own, he judged
the worth of men not by their ability, character and patriotism but
rather by their degree of friendship and kinship with him; and anxious
to secure the readiness of his favorites to sacrifice themselves for him,
he was tolerant even of their transgressions.
Because he thus neglected the people forsook him; and forsaken by
the people, he was bound to fall like a waxen idol melting in the heat of
adversity. God grant we do not forget such a terrible lesson, learnt at
the cost of untold suffering. 112
Emilio Aguinaldo’s
Mga Gunita Ng Himagsikan
EMILIO
AGUIN Birth: March 22, 1869 Kawit’s first “ gobernadorcillo capitan
municipal ”
ALDO Birth Place: Kawit, Cavite
First and youngest President of the First
Philippine Republic
Death: February 6, 1964
Captured by Americans
Parents:
Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Pledged loyalty to Americans 6
Trinidad Famy Aguinaldo

Attended High School at Colegio de San

Juan de Letran

114
Historical Background of the
Document
The first volume was created between 1928 and 1946
Based from different documents
Published on 1963
Released to the public on 1967
Speculations that there is a second volume
CONTEXT
1894
Andres Bonifacio formed the Katipunan
(K.K.K.)

1896
Spaniards discovered K.K.K.
Cry of Pugad Lawin
Start of Philippine Revolution

116
Cavite Magdiwang

was King- Andres Bonifacio

Vice-King- Mariano Alvarez
liberated Minister of War- Ariston Villanueva
Minister of Interior-Jacinto Lumbreras
through Minister of Finance- Diego Mojica
the Minister of Justice-Mariano C. Trias (Tagalog
writer and poet)
efforts of Minister of Natural Resources- Emiliano Riego
de Rios
both the Captain General- Santiago Alvarez

Magdiwa
ng and 117
Cavite was
liberated through President General- Baldomera Aguinaldo
the efforts of both Vice-President- Edilberto Evangelista
the Magdiwang
and Magdalo
Secretary of war- General CandidoTria
councils. Terona
Secretary of Interior- Felix Cuenca
Secretary of Natural Resources-Glicerio
Topacio
Secretary of Agriculture- Cayetano Topacio
Lieutenant General 11(Flag Bearer)-
General Emilio Aguinaldo

118
Magdiwang Magdalo Republican in form
Said to be Monarchial in form Cavite el Viejo (Kawit)
Imus
Dasmariñas
Noveleta Silang
Amadeo
San Francisco de Malabon Mendez
Rosario Nuñez
Bacoor
Tanza Carmona
Naic
Ternate
Maragondon
Magallanes
119
Bailen
 EVENTS
EVENTS
THE FIRST MEETING OF THE REBELLION
GOVERNMENT:
MARCH 22, 1897
Discussed future plans
Katipunan held its elections
Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president

120
Casa Hacienda Tejeros
121
 Bonifacio walked out of the assembly after proclaiming the result of the convention
null and invalid.
• Aguinaldo was at Pasong Santolin Dasmariñas on March 22, 1897  when he learned
of his election as President of the new revolutionary government.

The co
nt
Barrio roversial con
Te ve
acknow jeros. Many h ntion at
le is
electio dge that the torians
ni first
held he n Philippine
re. history
was

• Aguinaldo’s brother, General CrispuloAguinaldo persuaded him to go to Tejeros to

take his oath of office.
• At 7:00 in the evening, Aguinaldo, Mariano Triasand Riegode Dios took their oaths
of office.
122
MARCH 23, 1897
Magdiwang armies sent by Andres Villanueva came from Naic
Headed to Pasong Santol

MARCH 24, 1897

More troops of Magdiwang arrived
Emilio was told to join his brother
But then Bonifacio did not let the troops continue to Pasong Santol
Troops were imprisoned in Malabon

MARCH 25, 1897

Spaniards got the position in Pasong Santol
Gen. Crispulo Aguinaldo dies

123
 Gave an eyewitness account of how these events really happened

“
Proved the rumor that Aguinaldo ordered to execute Bonifacio
CONTRIBUTIONfalse
Allows us to see a different perspective from
Aguinaldo’s insight since people mostly view him negatively
We aren’t always the kind of people who can’t find back
▫ Helped historians in terms of what governmental system they
tried having back then

124
Relevance
RELEVANCE

▫ Aguinaldo set an example of

what the leaders of the
nation should be like.
▫ Sometimes, people have to
fall to rise back up again.
▫ The people willingly followed
Aguinaldo, without him
telling them to come
along;reflects on today’s
citizens.

125