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Geometric Attributes of Manufactured Parts

The document discusses geometric attributes of manufactured parts including shape classification, dimensioning and tolerancing, tolerance analysis, and an introduction to geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. It covers topics like group technology for classifying parts, setting tolerances to ensure functionality while reducing costs, and performing tolerance analysis to determine variation in part dimensions. GD&T concepts such as maximum material condition and interpreting tolerances are also introduced.

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Deejay Shiv
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267 views17 pages

Geometric Attributes of Manufactured Parts

The document discusses geometric attributes of manufactured parts including shape classification, dimensioning and tolerancing, tolerance analysis, and an introduction to geometric dimensioning and tolerancing. It covers topics like group technology for classifying parts, setting tolerances to ensure functionality while reducing costs, and performing tolerance analysis to determine variation in part dimensions. GD&T concepts such as maximum material condition and interpreting tolerances are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Deejay Shiv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometric Attributes of

Manufactured Parts
 Shape of Manufactured Parts and
Group Technology
 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
 Tolerance Analysis

Sp’ 06 W. Li
Shape Classification
Shape of Parts
 Shape of a part is dictated by its function.
 Shape of a part should make it easy to
manufacture
 A cardinal design rule – “KISS”
Group Technology

 Group Technology (GT) is a practice to ensure


economics in design and manufacturing through the
classification of families of parts according to their
commonalities in design features and manufacturing
processes and sequences.
 Parts are classified based on the following approaches:
 Experience-based judgment
 Production-flow analysis
 Classification and coding
 Engineering database
Dimensioning and Tolerancing

 Dimension:
 The length or angle of a manufactured part to satisfy
functional requirements.
 Tolerance:
 The allowance of dimensional variation of a
manufactured part.
Bilateral tolerance Unilateral tolerance
1.25 in +0.002
1.250 -0.004
1.250 -0.002
Is it really 1.25 in ?
The Need for D & T
The goal is to ensure functionality and interchangeability.

Rifles with interchangeable parts


(1850, Robbins & Lawrence) Select and fit assembly -Early assembly line.
Flywheels and magnetos being assembled at Ford’s
Highland Park, Michigan plant in 1913.
Tolerance Zone and Types of Fit

• Tolerance Zone is the


allowable range of the
basic dimension.

• Clearance fit allows


sliding or rotation.
• Transition fit provides
accurate location
• Interference fit provides
rigidity and alignment.
Design Rules of Dimensioning
and Tolerancing
• Set tolerance close enough to ensure functionality and
interchangeability.
• Set tolerance as wide as possible to reduce manufacturing cost.
• Avoid the use of redundant dimensions.
• If transfer of reference surfaces is necessary (e.g., for
manufacturing reasons), the sum of new tolerances that affect a
dimension must not exceed the tolerance that is assigned to the
original dimension.

(a) Redundant dimensions (a) Design intent, (b) Machining setup


Tolerance Analysis

100 +/- 0.1 (C)  Given component


tolerances, determine
49.9 +/-0.1 49.9 +/-0.1 ? +/- ? the limits of the
(A) (B) (X) measured dimension
(the gap between the
blocks and the base).

First find the dimension


chain (or path equation):

X=C-A-B
Worst Case Analysis
Find the extreme limits of the dimension of interest
100 +/- 0.1 (C)

49.9 +/-0.1 49.9 +/-0.1 ? +/- ?


(A) (B) (X)

X=C-A-B

x   (100  0.1)  (49.9  0.1)  (49.9  0.1)  0.1


x   (100  0.1)  (49.9  0.1)  (49.9  0.1)  0.5
Statistical Analysis
Assuming statistical independence, treat dimensions as variables of
normal distributions with means at nominal dimensions and
standard deviations as 1/6 of the tolerance, i.e., 6 = tol. (tol. is the
size of the tolerance zone) X  C  A B
Xnominal= 100-49.9-49.9=0.2

Var ( X )  Var (C )  Var ( A)  Var ( B )


2
Var ( X )   X

tol X  6   C2   A2   B2
0.2 2
 6  3  ( )  0.346
6

Final dimension: 0.2 +/-0.173


Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

M: Maximum Material Condition (MMC)


L: Least Material Condition (LMC)
S: Regardless Feature Size (RFS)

Reference: ANSI/ASME Y14.5


Form and Profile Tolerances
1. Straightness
(1)
2. Flatness
3. Circularity
4. Cyclindricity
(2)

0.1
5. Profile of a Surface 0.1

(4)
(3)

(5)
Orientation and Runout Tolerances
1. Parallelism
(1)
2. Perpendicularity
3. Angularity Datum

4. Circular Runout
5. Total Runout
(2)

(4) Datum

(3)
(5)
Location Tolerances

1. Position tolerance (1)


2. Concentricity
3. Symmetry

(3) (2)
GD&T Interpretation
 Tolerance on MMC
 For internal features:
 Applied tolerance=Actual size-
MMC +Specified tolerance
 For external features:
 Applied tolerance=MMC-Actual
size +Specified tolerance
 Tolerance on LMC:
 For internal features:
 Applied tolerance=LMC-Actual
size+Specified tolerance
 For external features:
 Applied tolerance=Actual size-
LMC+Specified tolerance
Summary

 Group technology
 The need for dimensioning and tolerancing
 Tolerance zone and types of fit
 Design rules of dimensioning and tolerancing
 Simple GD&T interpretation
 Tolerance analysis

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