Java Training Program

Java – Packages

By
Madhumeeta Bhatia
 Contents

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 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Packages
3. Package Categories
4. Java Built-In Package
5. Java UserDefined Package
6. What is Classpath
7. Summary

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 Introduction

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 Introduction
 The main feature of OOP is its ability to support
the reuse of code:
 Extending the classes (via inheritance)
 Extending interfaces
 The features in basic form limited to reusing the
classes within a program.
 What if we need to use classes from other
programs without physically copying them into the
program under development ?
 In Java, this is achieved by using what is known
as “packages”, a concept similar to “class
libraries” in other languages.

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 Java Packages

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 Packages
 Packages are Java’s way of grouping a number of
related classes and/or interfaces together into a
single unit. That means, packages act as
“containers” for classes.
 It provides is used to organize classes that belong
to the same files or providing similar functionality.

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 Features of a Java package
 The protected members of the classes can be
accessed by each other in the same package.
 It resolves the naming collision for the types it
contains.
 A package may have the following types.
 Interfaces
 Classes
 Enumerated types
 Annotations

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 Package - Benefits
 The classes contained in the packages of other
programs/applications can be reused.
 In packages classes can be unique compared
with classes in other packages. That two classes
in two different packages can have the same
name. If there is a naming clash, then classes can
be accessed with their fully qualified name.
 Classes in packages can be hidden if we don’t
want other packages to access them.
 Packages also provide a way for separating
“design” from coding.

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 Package – Naming Convention
 Package names are written in all lowercase to
avoid conflict with the names of classes or
interfaces.
 The directory name must be same as the name of
package that is created using "package" keyword
in the source file.
 Before running a program, the class path must be
picked up till the main directory (or package) that
is used in the program.

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 Package – Naming Convention
 If we are not including any package in our java
source file then the source file automatically goes
to the default package.
 In general, we start a package name begins with
the order from top to bottom level.
 In case of the internet domain, the name of the
domain is treated in reverse (prefix) order.

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Java Package Names and Directory Structure
 Java Packages are defined by hierarchical
naming pattern.
 Package name consists of words separated by
periods.
 First Part – Main Directory Name
 Remaining Part - Sub contents of the package (Sub
Packages and Classes)

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 Package categories in Java

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 Build-In Packages in Core Java

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 Java Built-in Packages

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 Java Built-in Packages

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 Java Built-in Packages

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 Creating Packages
 Java supports a keyword called “package” for creating
user-defined packages.
 The package statement must be the first statement in a
Java source file (except comments and white spaces)
followed by one or more classes.

 Package name is
“myPackage” and classes are
considered as part of this
package; The code is saved in
a file called “ClassA.java” and
located in a directory called
“myPackage”.

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 Package Example

 Create a directory "mypackage" .

 Save the  source file as "HelloWorld.java" in the created directory.
 Set the class path as  set CLASSPATH = .;C:\;        
 Go to the "mypackage" directory and compile the program as
C:\mypackage>javac HelloWorld.java
 Run the program.

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 Accessing a Package
 As indicated earlier, classes in packages can be
accessed using a fully qualified name or using a
short-cut as long as we import a corresponding
package.
 The general form of importing package is:
 import package1[.package2][…].classname
 Example:
• import myPackage.ClassA;
• import myPackage.secondPackage
 All classes/packages from higher-level package can be
imported as follows:
• import myPackage.*;

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 Accessing a Package

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Steps – compile and Execute the packages
 Compile the Package file
 Javac –d HelloWorld.java
 Set the Classpath (Current working Directory)
 Set CLASSPATH=.;
 Define a example to import the package
 Compile and Execute the program in which the
package is imported.

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 What is a Class Path

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 What is a class path?
 It is a set of directories where Java class files are
located
 Java runtime searches for class files in the
directories specified in the class path in the order
specified.
 We need to set the classpath to point to that
directory so that when we try to run it, the JVM
will be able to see where our classes are stored.

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 Protection and Packages
 All classes (or interfaces) accessible to all others
in the same package.
 Class declared public in one package is
accessible within another. Non-public class is not
 Members of a class are accessible from a
difference class, as long as they are not private
 protected members of a class in a package are
accessible to subclasses in a different class

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 Access Protection in Packages

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Access to fields in Java at a Glance

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Create Subpackages (A Package inside another
package)

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 Summary

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 Summary
 Packages allow grouping of related classes into a
single united.
 Packages are organised in hierarchical structure.
 Packages handle name classing issues.
 Packages can be accessed or inherited without
actual copy of code to each program.

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 Resource

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 Resource
 http://www.roseindia.net/java/master-java/java-
package.shtml

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