Discovering

Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview

Define the term, Define the term, data

database, and explain how integrity, and describe
a database interacts with the qualities of
data and information valuable information

Discuss the terms Describe file

maintenance
character, field, techniques and
record, and file validation techniques
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Objectives Overview

Discuss the functions Describe characteristics of

common to most relational, object-oriented,
database and multidimensional
management systems databases

Identify database design

Explain how to guidelines and discuss the
access Web responsibilities of database
analysts and
databases administrators
See Page 513 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information

Databa Informa
se
Data tion
●
Collection of ●
Collection of
unprocessed items
●
Processed data
data organized ●
Text
●
Documents
in a manner that ●
Numbers ●
Audio
allows access, ●
Images
retrieval, and
●
Images
●
Audio
use of that data ●
Video
●
Video
Page 514 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4
Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information

Pages 514 – 515 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 5

Figure 10-1 Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information

• Database software, often called a database

management system (DBMS), allows users to:
Create a
Add, modify,
computerized
and delete data
database

Create forms
Sort and
and reports from
retrieve data
Page 515 the data
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 6
Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information

• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data

• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the
accuracy of the input

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Integrity
below Chapter 10
Page 516 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7
Chapter 10
Databases, Data, and Information

• Valuable information should have the following

characteristics:

Accurate Verifiable

Timely
Pages 516 - 517
Organized
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10
8
The Hierarchy of Data

• Data is organized in layers

– Files, records, fields, characters

Page 517 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 9

Figure 10-2 Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data

• A character is one byte

– Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or
other symbols
• A field is a combination
of one or more related
characters
– Field name
– Field size
– Data type

Page 518 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 10

Figure 10-3 Chapter 10
The Hierarchy of Data

• Common data types include:

AutoNumb
Text Numeric er

Currency Date Memo

Yes/No
Page 518
Hyperlink
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10 Object 11
The Hierarchy of Data

• A record is a group of related fields

– A primary key uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

Page 519 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 12

Figure 10-4 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data

• File maintenance refers to the procedures that

keep data current

Adding Modifying
records records

Deleting
Page 520 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 13
Chapter 10
Maintaining Data

• Users add new records to a file when they obtain

new data

Page 520 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 14

Figure 10-5 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data

• Users modify a record to correct inaccurate data

or update old data

Page 521 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 15

Figure 10-6 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data

• When a record no longer is needed, a user deletes

it from a file

Page 522 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 16

Figure 10-7 Chapter 10
Maintaining Data

• Validation compares data with a set of rules or

values to find out if the data is correct

Alphabetic/N Range
umeric check check

Consistenc
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 10, Click Web
Completen
Link from left navigation,

Pages 522 - 524

y check
then click Data Validation
below Chapter 10
ess check
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10
17
File Processing Versus Databases

File processing Database

system approach
●
Each department has
●
Programs and users share data
●
Reduce data redundancy
its own set of files ●
Improve data integrity
●
Used for many years ●
Share data
●
Allows easier access
●
Have data redundancy ●
Reduces development time
●
Isolate data ●
Can be more vulnerable
Pages 524 - 526 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 18
Chapter 10
File Processing Versus Databases

Page 525 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 19

Figure 10-10 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click MySQL
below Chapter 10
Page 527 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 20
Figure 10-11 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

• A data dictionary contains data about each file in

the database and each field in those files

Pages 527 – 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 21

Figure 10-12 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

• A DBMS provides several tools that allow users

and programs to retrieve and maintain data in the
database Query language

Query by example

Form

Report generator

Page 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 22

Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

• A query language consists of simple, English-like

statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist
users with retrieving data

Page 528 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 23

Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

Page 529 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 24

Figure 10-13 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

• A form is a window on the screen that provides

areas for entering or modifying data in a database

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click E-Form
below Chapter 10
Page 530 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 25
Figure 10-15 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

• A report generator allows users to design a report

on the screen, retrieve data into the report
design, and then display or print the report

Page 531 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 26

Figure 10-16 Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

A DBMS provides means to ensure that only authorized users access data at permitted
times

●
Access privileges
●
Principle of least privilege

Page 531 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 27

Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to

restore the database to a usable form in case it is
damaged or destroyed

Backup Log
Recovery Continuou
utility s backup
Pages 531 - 532 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 28
Chapter 10
Database Management Systems

Page 532 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 29

Figure 10-17 Chapter 10
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A data model consists of rules and standards that
define how the database organizes data

Page 533 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 30

Figure 10-18 Chapter 10
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A relational database
stores data in tables
that consist of rows and
columns
– Each row has a primary
key
– Each column has a
unique name
• A relationship is a link
within the data

Page 533 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 31

Figure 10-20 Chapter 10
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query
language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click SQL
below Chapter 10
Page 534 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 32
Figure 10-21 Chapter 10
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data
in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an
object-oriented database include:
Multimedi Groupwar
a database e database

Computer-aided Hypertext
Page 534
design database
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 10
33
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases

Page 535 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 34

Figure 10-22 Chapter 10
Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A multidimensional database can store data in more
than two dimensions of data
– Sometimes known as a hypercube
– Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10
Pages 535 - 536 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 35
Chapter 10
Web Databases

• Databases on the Web allow you to:

Shop for
products or
Buy or sell
services stocks

Search for Make airline

a job
Page 536
reservations
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 36
Chapter 10
Web Databases

Page 536 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 37

Figure 10-23 Chapter 10
Video: How a Photo Sharing Site
Keeps Its Data

CLICK TO START

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 38

Chapter 10
Database Administration

• It is important to have a carefully designed

database

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Database Design
Guidelines below Chapter 10
Page 537 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 39
Figure 10-24 Chapter 10
Database Administration

Database analysts and administrators are responsible for managing and coordinating all
database activities

Database Analyst (DA) Database Administrator (DBA)

Decides on proper field placement, defines Creates and maintains the data dictionary,
data relationship, and identifies users’ access manages security, monitors performance,
privileges and checks backup and recovery procedures

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 10, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10
Page 538 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 40
Chapter 10
Database Administration

• Employees should learn

how to use the data in
the database effectively
– Interact with database
– Identify new data for the
database
– Maintain the database

Page 538 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 41

Figure 10-25 Chapter 10
Summary

How data and Methods for

information are
valuable assets to an maintaining
organization high-quality data

Assessing the Advantages of

quality of valuable organizing data
information in a database
Page 539 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 42
Chapter 10
Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Chapter 10 Complete