Chapter 3_4

Relay Logic Circuit (RLC)
• Relay logic  is  a  method  of  OPERATING  industrial electric
al circuits with the help of relay and contacts. 
• Relay is  an electrical operated switch. 
• First we understand what is NO and NC point. 
• RLC depend on both point NO and NC.
 …Con’t
• NO point: is normally open. 
• It means that point is normally open in ideal state. 
• In this when this point is in ideal state no
output comes from it. 
• But when we activate this point it close and output comes.
• NC point: Full form of NC is Normally Close. 
• It means NC point is close in ideal state. 
• In this when this point is in ideal state output comes 
from it.
•  But when we activate this point, it opens and no output comes.
 Relay
• is an electromechanical device
which operates by current.
• Relay consists one coil, armature,
spring and contact as shown in
images below.
• In the diagram shown, there is coil
which consist two terminal A1 and
A2.
• When we give supply on these • When coil operate armature,
terminal (A1, A2), coil generate operating contact became change and
magnetic field which attract or repel when supply cut off, contact goes to
armature in the coil. ideal state with the help of spring.
• That Armature end terminal connects
with contact.
 Contactors
• The working principle of contactor is same as relay.
 But it mainly uses for heavy duty work.
 Contactor switching time is higher than relay.
• A contactor is an electrically controlled switch (a relay)
used for switching a power or control circuit.
• A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a much
lower power level than the switched circuit.
• Contactors come in many forms with varying capacities
and features.
• Unlike a circuit breaker, a contactor is not intended to
interrupt a short circuit current.
 Timer relay

• Their purpose is to control an event based on

time.
• The difference between relays and time delay
relays is when the output contacts open &
close:
• On a control relay, it happens when voltage is
applied and removed from the coil.
• On time delay relays, the contacts can open or
close before or after some time delay.
 Chapter-4_END!

Computer Maintenance
 Basics of Computer
and
Computer Troubleshooting

• A computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes

the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format.
• Computers have become an integral part of our lives because they can
accomplish easy tasks repeatedly without getting bored and complex ones
repeatedly without committing errors.
• But, computers are not intelligent, but researchers are working to make
artificially intelligent, that is called AI mechanisms like: -
 Computer vision,
 Image understanding and
 Machine vision.
 Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it,
based on user’s instructions is called information.
 This is input – output model of a computer.
 Input-Process-Output Model

 The processes that can be applied to data are of two

types:
A. Arithmetic operations: - Examples include calculations
like addition, subtraction, differentials, square root, etc.
B. Logical operations: - Examples include comparison
operations like greater than, less than, equal to, opposite,
etc.
 The actual computer
looks…..

Input Unit: - Devices like

keyboard and mouse that are used
to input data and instructions to
the computer are called input unit.
Output Unit: - Devices like
printer and visual display unit that
are used to provide information to
the user in desired format are
called output unit.
Control Unit: - this unit controls
all the functions of the computer.
All devices or parts of computer  Memory: - All input data, instructions and data
interact through the control unit. interim to the processes are stored in the memory.
Arithmetic Logic Unit: - This is  Memory is of two types: primary memory and
the brain of the computer where secondary memory.
all arithmetic operations and
 Primary memory resides within the CPU whereas
logical operations take place.
 Secondary memory is external to it.
 …Con’t
• Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are
together called the central processing unit or CPU.
• Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.
• That we can see and touch are the hardware components
of a computer.
• The set of instructions or programs that make the
computer function using these hardware parts are called
software.
• We cannot see or touch software.
• Both hardware and software are necessary for working
of a computer.
 Booting
• Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting.
• The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is
switched on is called BIOS or Basic Input Output System.
• BIOS is a firmware, i.e. a piece of software permanently programmed into
the hardware.
• If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is called
rebooting.
• Rebooting may be required if a software or hardware has been installed or
system is unusually slow.
• There are two types of booting −
i. Cold Booting − When the system is started by switching on the power
supply it is called cold booting. The next step in cold booting is loading
of BIOS.
ii. Warm Booting − When the system is already running and needs to be
restarted or rebooted, it is called warm booting. Warm booting is faster
than cold booting because BIOS is not reloaded.
 The Main Components
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a

computer system.

• Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such:

 monitor,

 mouse,

 keyboard,

 computer data storage,

 hard drive disk (HDD),

 system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc.

 All of which are physical objects that can be touched.

 Classifications of computers:
• Historically computers were classified according
to processor types because development in
processor and processing speeds were the
developmental benchmarks.
• Earliest computers used vacuum tubes for
processing, were huge and broke down frequently.
• However, as vacuum tubes were replaced by
transistors and then chips, their size decreased
and processing speeds increased manifold.
• All modern computers and computing devices use
microprocessors whose speeds and storage capacities are
skyrocketing day by day.
• The developmental benchmark for computers is now their
size.
• Computers are now classified on the basis of their use or size.
 Desktop
 Laptop
 Tablet
 Server
 Mainframe
 Supercomputer
 Computer troubleshooting Mechanism
1. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
• predetermined work performed to a schedule with the aim of preventing
the wear and tear or sudden failure of equipment components.
• It is a schedule of planned.
• Maintenance actions aimed at the prevention of break downs and
failures.
• Preventive maintenance often abbreviated as PM which refers to
performing proactive maintenance in order to prevent to system
problems.
• It is a service given for the purpose of maintaining equipment’s and
facilities in satisfactory operating conditions by providing systematic
inspection detection and correction of failures either before they occur
or before they develop into major defects.
 Ways of PM…
A. Cleaning
B. Disc Defragment
C. Disc Clean up
D. Use of recycle Bin
E. Use ups
2. Assembling and Disassembling
• Things you need to do before you disassemble:
 Shut down any running programs and turn the computer off.
 Remove all cables (especially the power cable) that are attached to the
computer.
 Remember that some cables use special screws to attach them to their
ports.
 Will be done on LAB time practically.
 3. Software Trouble-Shooting
• To be well acquainted with the basics of software
maintenance and troubleshooting we have to first grasp
the concept of the motor of the computer system, the
operating system.
• An operating system is a software the interfaces the user,
software applications and the underling hardware.
• Operating system interprets user commands and
instructions and sends user request to the appropriate
application.
• It provides a consistent environment to other software to
execute commands.
These are all about Electrical
workshop practice two…
We had a good, lovable and memorable time…
Thanks for that…
If any comment,
Suggestion and
Query........