EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 2

Lecture 3: Bode Plots

Prof. Niknejad

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Get to know your logs!

dB ratio dB ratio
-20 0.100 20 10.000
-10 0.316 10 3.162
-5 0.562 5 1.778
-3 0.708 3 1.413
-2 0.794 2 1.259
-1 0.891 1 1.122
 Engineers are very conservative. A “margin” of
3dB is a factor of 2 (power)!
 Knowing a few logs by memory can help you
calculate logs of different ratios by employing
properties of log. For instance, knowing that the
ratio of 2 is 3 dB, what’s the ratio of 4?
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Bode Plot Overview

 Technique for estimating a complicated transfer
function (several poles and zeros) quickly
(1  j z1 )(1  j z 2 )  (1  j zn )
H ( )  G0 ( j )K

(1  j p 2 )(1  j p 2 )  (1  j pm )

 Break frequencies :

1
i 
i

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Summary of Individual Factors

1 1
 
 Simple Pole: 0 dB  
1
 90
1  j

 Simple Zero: 0 dB  90
1  j

 DC Zero: 0 dB
 90
j

 DC Pole: 0 dB
1  90
j
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Example
 Consider the following transfer function
10 5 j (1  j 2 )  1  100 ns
H ( j ) 
(1  j 1 )(1  j 3 )  2  10 ns
 3  100 ps
 Break frequencies: invert time constants
1  10 Mrad/s 2  100 Mrad/s 3  10 Grad/s
j 
(1  j )
10 5
2
H ( j ) 
 
(1  j )(1  j )
1 3

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Breaking Down the Magnitude

 Recall log of products is sum of logs
j 
(1  j )
10 5
2
H ( j ) dB  20 log
 
(1  j )(1  j )
1 3
j 
 20 log  20 log 1  j
105 2
 
 20 log 1  j  20 log 1  j
1 3
 Let’s plot each factor separately and add them
graphically
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Breaking Down the Phase

 Since a  b  a  b
105 j (1  j 2 )
H ( j )  
(1  j 1 )(1  j 3 )

j 
H ( j )   5  1  j
10 2
 
 1  j  1  j
1 3

 Let’s plot each factor separately and add them

graphically
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Magnitude Bode Plot: DC Zero

80 j
5
60
10
40

20 0 dB


104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011
-20

-40

-60

-80

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Phase Bode Plot: DC Zero

j
180
 5
135 10
90

45


4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-45

-90

-135

-180

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Magnitude Bode Plot: Add First Pole

80 1  10 Mrad/s
j
60
105 dB

40

20


104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011
-20

-40

-60
1
-80 
1 j 7
Department of EECS
10 dB University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Phase Bode Plot: Add First Pole

180
j
135  5
10
90

45


4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-45

-90
1

-135 
1 j
-180
107

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Magnitude Bode Plot: Add 2nd Zero

80 2  100 Mrad/s 
1 j 8
60 10 dB

40

20


104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011
-20

-40

-60

-80

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Phase Bode Plot: Add 2nd Zero

180

135 
1  j 8
10
90

45


4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-45

-90

-135

-180

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Magnitude Bode Plot: Add 2nd Pole

80

60
3  10 Grad/s

40

20


104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011
-20
1
-40

1  j 10
-60 10 dB

-80

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Phase Bode Plot: Add 2nd Pole

180

135

90

45


4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
-45

-90 
 1  j
-135
1010

-180

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Comparison to “Actual” Mag Plot

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Comparison to “Actual” Phase Plot

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Why do I say “actual”?

 I plotted the transfer characteristics with
Mathematica
 The range of frequency for the plot is 6 orders of
magnitude. The program has to find the “hot
spots” in order to plot the function. Near the hot
spots, more points are plotted. In between hot
spots, the function is interpolated. If you pick the
wrong points, you’ll end up with the wrong plot:
 mag = LogLinearPlot[20*Log[10, Abs[H[x]]], {x, 10^4,
10^11},PlotPoints -> 10000, Frame -> True,PlotStyle ->
Thickness[.005], ImageSize -> 600,GridLines -> Automatic,
PlotRange -> {{10^4, 10^11}, {-20, 100}} ]

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Don’t always believe a computer!

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Second Order Transfer Function

 The series resonant circuit is one of the most
important elementary circuits:

 The physics describes not only physical LCR

circuits, but also approximates mechanical
resonance (mass-spring, pendulum, molecular
resonance, microwave cavities, transmission lines,
buildings, bridges, …)
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Series LCR Analysis

 With phasor analysis, this circuit is readily
analyzed
+
Vo
−

1
Vs  I j L  I IR
j C
 1 
Vs  I  jL   R 
 j C 
Vs
V0  I R  R
1
jL  R
j C
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Second Order Transfer Function

 So we have:

+ V0 R
Vo H ( j )  
Vs jL  1  R
j C
−

 To find the poles/zeros, let’s put the H in canonical

form:
V0 j CR
H ( j )  
Vs 1   2 LC  j RC
 One zero at DC frequency  can’t conduct DC due
to capacitor

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Poles of 2nd Order Transfer Function

 Denominator is a quadratic polynomial:
R
j
V0 j CR L
H ( j )   
Vs 1   LC  j RC
2
1
 ( j  )  j
2 R
LC L
R
j 1
H ( j )  L  2

0
R LC
02  ( j ) 2  j
L
 0
j
Q 0 L
H ( j )  Q
0
  ( j )  j
2
0
2
R
Q

Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley

EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Finding the poles…

 Let’s factor the denominator:
0
( j )  j
2
 02  0
Q

0 02 0 1
  
 0  
2
 j 0 1 
2Q 4Q 2Q 4Q 
 Poles are complex conjugate frequencies
Im
 The Q parameter is called the
“quality-factor” or Q-factor
Re
 This parameters is an important
parameter: Q R0
 
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Resonance without Loss

 The transfer function can parameterized in terms of
loss. First, take the lossless case, R=0: Im

   2  Re
   0
 0
 0 
2
  j 0
 2Q 4Q  
  Q 
 When the circuit is lossless, the poles are at real
frequencies, so the transfer function blows up!
 At this resonance frequency, the circuit has zero
imaginary impedance
 Even if we set the source equal to zero, the circuit
can have a steady-state response
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley
EECS 105 Fall 2003, Lecture 3 Prof. A. Niknejad

Magnitude Response
 The response peakiness depends on Q
0 R 
j j 0
0 L Q
H ( j )  
 R 
02   2  j 0 02   2  j 0
0 L Q
H ( j 0 )  1

Q 1

02
j
Q
H ( j 0 )  1
H ( 0)  0 Q  10 
02  02  j0 0
Q
Q  100

0
Department of EECS University of California, Berkeley