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Clauses: Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

The document discusses the three main types of clauses: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each clause type. Noun clauses function as nouns, adjective clauses function as adjectives modifying nouns, and adverb clauses function as adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, or other clauses. Each clause type answers specific questions - noun clauses answer "who" or "what", adjective clauses answer "which" or "what kind", and adverb clauses answer "when", "where", "why", or "how".

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Nani Syafiqah Sehat
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217 views31 pages

Clauses: Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

The document discusses the three main types of clauses: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses. It provides examples and explanations of each clause type. Noun clauses function as nouns, adjective clauses function as adjectives modifying nouns, and adverb clauses function as adverbs modifying verbs, adjectives, or other clauses. Each clause type answers specific questions - noun clauses answer "who" or "what", adjective clauses answer "which" or "what kind", and adverb clauses answer "when", "where", "why", or "how".

Uploaded by

Nani Syafiqah Sehat
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLAUSES

NOUN CLAUSE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

ADVERB CLAUSE
Clause
A clause is a collection of grammatically-related
words including a predicate and a subject
(though sometimes the subject is implied).

(A collection of grammatically-related words


without a subject or without a predicate is called
a phrase.)

Clauses are the building blocks of sentences:


every sentence consists of one or more clauses.
DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

• An independent clause can stand alone as a


complete simple sentence

• A dependent clause must be connected to or


part of another clause. The dependent clause
is then described as subordinate to a main
clause.
Examples:
"I went to the store" (independent)
"because I went to the store" (dependent)
"after I went to the store" (dependent)
"me to go to the store" (dependent),
as in
"He wanted me to go to the store."

"that I went to" (dependent),


as in
"That's the store that I went to."
Independent
the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as


sentences:

They are dependent clauses or subordinate


clauses.
Consider the same clause with the
subordinating conjunction “when" added to the
beginning:
Dependent
when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
In this case, the clause could not be a
sentence by itself, since the conjunction
“when" suggests that the clause
is providing an explanation for something else.

Since this dependent clause answers the question


“when," just like an adverb, it is called a
dependent adverb clause (or simply an
adverb clause, since adverb clauses are
always dependent clauses).
Note how the clause can replace the adverb
"tomorrow" in the following examples:

adverb
The committee will meet tomorrow.

adverb clause
The committee will meet when the
Prime Minister is in Ottawa.

Dependent clauses can stand not only for


adverbs, but also for nouns and for adjectives.
PHRASE
OR
CLAUSE ?
NOUN CLAUSE
A noun clause is an entire clause which takes
the place of a noun in another clause or phrase.
Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject
or object of a verb or the object of a preposition,
answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?"
Consider the following examples:

noun
I know Latin.

noun clause
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native
language.

In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as


the direct object of the verb "know.“

In the second example, the entire clause


"that Latin ..." is the direct object.
Here are some more examples of noun
clauses:

about what you bought at the mall


This noun clause is the object of the preposition
"about," and answers the question "about what?“

Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.

This noun clause is the subject of the verb


"will have to pay," and answers the question
"who will have to pay?"
The Toronto fans hope
that the Blue Jays will win again.

This noun clause is the object of the


verb "hope," and answers the question
"what do the fans hope?"
In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions:

noun
Their destination is unknown.

noun clause
Where they are going is unknown.

The question "Where are they going?," with a


slight change in word order, becomes a noun
clause when used as part of a larger unit –
like the noun "destination," the clause is the
subject of the verb "is."
WREN & MARTIN

EXERCISE 31
PAGE 155
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause is a dependent clause


which takes the place of an adjective in
another clause or phrase.

Like an adjective, an adjective clause


modifies a
noun or pronoun, answering questions like
"which?" or "what kind of?"
Consider the following examples:

Adjective
the red coat

Adjective clause
the coat which I bought yesterday

Like the word "red" in the first example, the


dependent clause "which I bought yesterday"
in the second example modifies the noun "coat."

Note that an adjective clause usually comes after


what it modifies, while an adjective usually
comes before.
In formal writing, an adjective clause
begins with the relative pronouns "who(m),"
"that," or "which."

In informal writing or speech, you may leave


out the relative pronoun when it is not the
subject of the adjective clause, but you should
usually include the relative pronoun in formal,
academic writing:
informal
The books people read were mainly religious.

formal
The books that people read were mainly religious.

informal
Some firefighters never meet the people they save.

formal
Some firefighters never meet the people
whom they save.
Here are some more examples of adjective clauses:

the meat which they ate was tainted

This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers


the question "which meat?".

about the movie which made him cry

This clause modifies the noun "movie" and


answers the question "which movie?".
they are searching for the one
who borrowed the book

The clause modifies the pronoun "one"


and answers the question "which one?".

Did I tell you about the author whom I met?


The clause modifies the noun "author" and
answers the question "which author?".
WREN & MARTIN

EXERCISE 27
PAGE 154
ADVERB CLAUSE
An adverb clause is a dependent clause
which takes the place of an adverb in another
clause or phrase.

An adverb clause answers questions such as


"when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?",
and "under what conditions?".

Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb


in the following example:
adverb
The premier gave a speech here.

adverb clause
The premier gave a speech where
the workers were striking.
Usually, a subordinating conjunction like
"because," "when(ever)," "where(ever),"
"since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an
adverb clause.
Note that a dependent adverb clause can
never stand alone as a complete sentence:

independent clause
they left the locker room

dependent adverb clause


after they left the locker room
The first example can easily stand alone
as a sentence, but the second cannot
-- the reader will ask what happened

"after they left the locker room".

Here are some more examples of adverb clauses


expressing the relationships of cause, effect,
space, time, and condition:
cause
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the
uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.

The adverb clause answers the question


"why?".

effect
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his
father's murder would be avenged.

The adverb clause answers the question


"with what goal/result?".
time

After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married


Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.

The adverb clause answers the question


"when?".
Note the change in word order -- an adverb
clause can often appear either before or after
the
main part of the sentence.
place
Where the whole Danish court was assembled,
Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his
uncle's guilt.

The adverb clause answers the question "where?".

condition
If the British co-operate, the Europeans may
achieve monetary union.

The adverb clause answers the question


"under what conditions?"
WREN & MARTIN

EXERCISE 23
PAGE 152
WREN & MARTIN
REVIEW

EXERCISE 35
PAGE 157
THE END

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