Introduction

Material Science

© Mechanical Engineering Department

 Content
1. Fundamental of material science
2. Material classification
a. Metal
b. Polymers
c. Ceramics
d. Composites
e. Advanced materials ( Biomaterials,
Semiconductor, Nanoengineered
materials, Smart materials)
Materials Science and Human Civilization

What would life be like without Materials???

Materials Science and Human Civilization
Materials: The Milestones of Progress
Development and advancement of Human
societies-closely related with materials
Civilizations have been named based on the level
of their materials development –Stone age, Bronze
age etc. Materials: The Milestones of Progress
Quest for newer materials:
The driving force for the progress –
stone age to IT age

•Quest for more advanced materials to meet

the growing needs as the civilization
progressed.
•A look at the history of materials
chronologically clearly reveals this
Quest for newer materials:
Stone age
300,000 BC
•Stone age –People living in caves and hunting with
stone-made weapons
Quest for newer materials:
Stone age
200,000 BC

•Started with clay (a ceramic material) pots.

Introduction of metals
5500 BC
• First metals to be discovered –Copper and Gold
Introduction of metals
5000 BC
• Material processing - Annealing and Shaping.
Throwing copper into camp fire and hammering in
early days
Introduction of metals

4000 BC
• Melting and casting of metals. Melting of Gold to
give it different shapes
Discovery of Alloy - Metal Combinations
3000 BC
• The discovery of alloy – combination of metals
• Mixing of Tin with Copper – Bronze
• Copper ore invariably contains some Tin –Mixing
of different ores having different Tin content
produced the first Bronzes.
Iron and Steel
1450 BC 20th Century
• Iron wheels – discovery of iron making.
• Production of pig iron from ores
• Steel making processes
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
• Understanding of how materials behave like they
do, and why they differ in properties was only
possible with the atomistic understanding allowed
by quantum mechanics, that first explained atoms
and then solids starting in the 1930s.
• The combination of physics, chemistry, and the
focus on the relationship between the properties
of a material and its microstructure is the domain
of Materials Science.
• The development of this science allowed
designing materials and provided a knowledge
base for the engineering applications (Materials
Engineering).
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
• Material science involves investigating the
relationships that exist between the structures and
properties of materials.
• The four components of the disciple of materials
science and engineering and their relationship
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
• Material science is primarly concerned with the
search for basic knowledge about the internal
structure, properties, and processing of materials.
• A material is defined as a substance (most often a
solid, but other condensed phases can be
included) that is intended to be used for certain
applications.
• Materials can generally be divided into two
classes: crystalline and non-crystalline.
• The traditional examples of materials are metals,
semiconductors, ceramics and polymers.
• New and advanced materials that are being
developed include nanomaterials and biomaterials
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE

Structure:
•At the atomic level: arrangement of atoms in
different ways. (Gives different properties for
graphite than diamond both forms of carbon.)
•At the microscopic level: arrangement of
small grains of material that can be identified
by microscopy. (Gives different optical
properties to transparent vs. frosted glass.)
FUNDAMENTAL OF MATERIAL SCIENCE

Structure:
•Properties are the way the material responds to
the environment. For instance, the mechanical,
electrical and magnetic properties are the responses
to mechanical, electrical and magnetic forces,
respectively. Other important properties are thermal
(transmission of heat, heat capacity), optical
(absorption, transmission and scattering of light),
and the chemical stability in contact with the
environment (like corrosion resistance).
•Processing of materials is the application of heat
(heat treatment), mechanical forces, etc. to affect
their microstructure and, therefore, their properties.
Material Science & Engineering
• Material -> something tangible that goes
into the makeup of a physical object.

• Material Science -> involves investigating

the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials

• Material Engineering -> is, on the basis of

these structure–property correlations,
designing or engineering the structure of
a material to produce a predetermined set
of properties
WHY STUDY MATERIAL ENGINEERING AND
SCIENCE?

To be able to select a material for

a given use based on
considerations of cost and
performance.

To understand the limits To be able to create a

of materials and the new material that will
change of their have some desirable
properties with use. properties.
Material Classification
Metal
• Materials in this group are composed of
one or more metallic elements (such as
iron, aluminium, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also non-metallic
elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
• A metal is defined as an element with a
valence of 1,2,3 (electron in the outer
orbit).
• Metals are good conductors of heat and
electricity. The are quite strong but
deformable and tend to have a lustrous
look when polished.
Metal
• Ferrous metals: Materials that contain
ferrite or iron atoms
• Non ferrous metals: materials do not
contain iron atoms
Metal
 a solid material which is typically hard,
shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with
good electrical and thermal conductivity
(e.g. iron, gold, silver, and aluminium, and
alloys such as steel).
 Properties of metal
• Good electrical conductors and
heat conductors.
• Malleable - can be beaten into thin
sheets.
• Ductile - can be stretched into wire.
• Possess metallic luster.
Polymer
 A polymer is a large molecule, or
macromolecule, composed of many
repeated subunits
 Polymer composed of wood, rubber, glass
and ceramics other than plastic.
 Made up of many molecules all strong
together to form really long chains (and
sometimes more complicated structures.
 Poly- means "many" and -mer means "part"
or "segment". Mono means "one".
 Can be defined as a material that consist of
chemically (covalently) bonded (chain)
atoms.
Polymer
Characteristics:
– Consists of C, O2, and H
– Amorphus (room temperature)
– Long chains structures
Polymer
Properties of polymers
•Low strength
•Good chemical resistance
•Good electrical and thermal insulator
•Brittle at low temperature
•Lightweight
Ceramic
• an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared
by the action of heat and subsequent
cooling.
• may have a crystalline or partly crystalline
structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a
glass).
• Application of ceramic including bricks,
pipes, floor and roof tiles.
Ceramic
 Properties of ceramic :
• hard
• wear-resistant
• brittle
• thermal insulators
• electrical insulators
• nonmagnetic
• oxidation resistant
• prone to thermal shock
• chemically stable
Composite
 Composite materials (also called
composition materials or shortened to
composites) are materials made from two
or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical
properties, that when combined, produce
a material with characteristics different
from the individual components.
Composite
• A composite material is made by
combining two or more materials – often
ones that have very different properties.
• The two materials work together to give
the composite unique properties.
• However, within the composite you can
easily tell the different materials apart as
they do not dissolve or blend into each
other
Advanced Materials
• Materials that are utilized in high-technology
applications are sometimes termed advanced
materials.
• By high technology we mean a device or
product that operates or functions using
relatively intricate and sophisticated principles
• These advanced materials are typically
traditional materials whose properties have
been enhanced, and, also newly developed,
high-performance materials. Furthermore,
they may be of all material types (e.g., metals,
ceramics, polymers), and are normally
expensive
Advanced Materials
• examples include electronic equipment
(camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.),
computers, fiber-optic systems,
spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.
Advanced Materials
Biomaterial
•A biological or synthetic substance which
can be introduced into body tissue as part of
an implanted medical device or used to
replace an organ, bodily function, etc.
•A biomaterial is any matter, surface, or
construct that interacts with biological
systems
Advanced Materials
Biomaterial
•Application
• Joint replacements • Bone plates
• Bone cement • Contact lenses
• Dental implants for tooth • Heart valves
fixation
• Skin repair devices (artificial • Artificial ligaments and
tissue) tendons
Advanced Materials
Semiconductor
•A semiconductor material has an
electrical conductivity value between a
conductor, such as copper, and an insulator,
such as glass.
•Semiconductors are fabricated to make
modern electronic devices, including solid
state diodes, transistors, solar cells, and
light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
•Semiconductor devices, in turn, are the
building blocks of digital and analog
integrated circuits.
Advanced Materials
Nanoengineered Material
•Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials
of which a single unit is sized (in at least one
dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometers
(10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm.
•Nanomaterials research takes a materials
science-based approach to nanotechnology,
leveraging advances in materials metrology and
synthesis which have been developed in
support of microfabrication research. Materials
with structure at the nanoscale often have
unique optical, electronic, or mechanical
properties.
Advanced Materials
Nano engineered Material
•The field of nanomaterials is loosely
organized, like the traditional field of
chemistry, into organic (carbon-based)
nanomaterials such as fullerenes, and
inorganic nanomaterials based on other
elements, such as silicon. Examples of
nanomaterials include fullerenes, carbon
nanotubes, nanocrystals, etc.
Advanced Materials
Smart Material
•Smart or intelligent materials are materials
that have to respond to stimuli and
environment changes and to activate their
functions according to these changes.
•The stimuli like temperature, pressure,
electric flow, magnetic flow, light,
mechanical, etc can originate internally or
externally.
Advanced Materials
Smart Material
•Properties of Smart Material:-
 Sensing materials and devices
 Actuation materials and devices
 Control devices and techniques
 Self- detection, Self- diagnostic
 Self- corrective, self- controlled, self-
healing
 Shock absorbers, damage arrest.
 Revision
1. Define biomaterial and list THREE (3) application of
biomaterial.
(5 marks)
2. Define polymer and list THREE (3) types of polymer chain.
(5 marks)
3. Sketch a suitable chart to show the classification of material.
(7 marks)
4. State THREE (3) applications of biomaterials in industry.
(3 marks)
5. List THREE (3) classes of material science with TWO (2)
examples for each.
(9 marks)
 Revision
6. List FOUR (4) components of the discipline of material science
and engineering.
(4 marks)
7. Interpret the definition of composite material.
(2 marks)
8. Continuous research and development in material science
accelerates the advancement of modern technology. To fulfill
the requirement of advanced and modern technology, give and
relate FOUR (4) types of materials to be used in medical,
electronic, smart sensor and cosmetic industries.
(12 marks)
9. State FIVE (5) properties of ceramic.
(5 marks)
 Revision
10. Material science involves investigating the relationships that
exist between the structures and properties of material. Solid
materials have been conveniently grouped into five basic
classification. Classify the classification of material.
(9 marks)
Thank You !!!