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What Is Meant by "Plesiochronous" ?

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161 views13 pages

What Is Meant by "Plesiochronous" ?

Uploaded by

ranjeetsuman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PDH

• What is meant by "Plesiochronous" ?

If two digital signals are Plesiochronous, their transitions occur at "almost" the same
rate, with any variation being constrained within tight limits. These limits are set down
in ITU-T recommendation G.811. For example, if two networks need to interwork, their
clocks may be derived from two different PRCs(Primary Reference clock). Although
these clocks are extremely accurate, there's a small frequency difference between one
clock and the other. This is known as a plesiochronous difference.

• Few years ago the common way to build a backbone network that supplies broadband
communication to the suppliers (BT, Bezeq etc.) was a PDH network.
• The topology of a PDH network is the Mesh topology where every multiplexer in each
site worked with its own clock. In order to synchronize between two multiplexers that
works together, usually the transmission was made according to the local clock and the
reception was made according to the recovered clock that was recovered from the
received data.
SDH
What is meant by "Synchronous" ?

In a set of Synchronous signals, the digital transitions in the signals occur at exactly the
same rate. There may however be a phase difference between the transitions of the two
signals, and this would lie within specified limits. These phase differences may be due to
propagation time delays, or low-frequency wander introduced in the transmission
network. In a synchronous network, all the clocks are traceable to one Stratum 1 Primary
Reference Clock (PRC).

When do we use SDH ?


 When networks need to increase capacity , SDH simply acts as a
means of increasing transmission capacity.
When networks need to improve flexibility , to provide services
quickly  or to respond to new change more rapidly.
when networks need to improve survivability for important user
services.
when networks need to reduce operation costs , which are
becoming a heavy burden
SDH Elements
• Terminal Multiplexer
• The terminal multiplexer is used to multiplex local tributaries
(low rate)to the stm-N (high rate) aggregate.
• The terminal is used in the chain topology as an end element.
Add and drop muliplexer
• The Add And Drop Multiplexer (ADM) passes the (high rate) stm-N
through from his one side to the other and has the ability to drop
or add any (low rate)tributary.
• The ADM used in all topologies.
Usage of SDH elements in SDH topologies
Advantage Of SDH over PDH
The increased configuration flexibility and bandwidth availability of SDH provides significant
advantages over the older telecommunications system.
These advantages include:
A reduction in the amount of equipment and an increase in network reliability.
• The provision of overhead and payload bytes - the overhead bytes permitting
management of the payload bytes on an individual basis and facilitating
centralized Fault sectionalisation.-nearly 5% of signal structure allocated for this
purpose.
• The definition of a synchronous multiplexing format for carrying lower-level digital
signals (such as 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s) which greatly simplifies the
interface to digital switches, digital cross-connects, and add-drop multiplexers.
• The availability of a set of generic standards, which enable multi-vendor
interoperability.
• The definition of a flexible architecture capable of accommodating future
applications, with a variety of transmission rates.Existing & future signals can be
accomodated.
What are the main limitations of
PDH ?
• The main limitations of PDH are:
• Inability to identify individual channels in a higher-order bit stream.
• Insufficient capacity for network management
• Most PDH network management is proprietary
• There's no standardised definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140
Mbit/s
• There are different hierarchies in use around the world. Specialized
interface equipment is required to interwork the two hierarchies.
Details Of PDH Signals

Signal Digital Bit rate Channels


E0 64 kbit/s One 64 kbit/s
E1 2.048 Mbit/s 32 E0
E2 8.448 Mbit/s 128 E0
E3 34.368 Mbit/s 16 E1
E4 139.264 Mbit/s 64 E1
Details of SDH Signals
Bit Rate Abbreviated SDH SDH Capacity

51.84 Mbit/s 51 Mbit/s STM-0 21 E1


155.52 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s STM-1 63 E1 or 1 E4
622.08 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s STM-4 252 E1 or 4 E4
2488.32 Mbit/s 2.4 Gbit/s STM-16 1008 E1 or 16 E4
9953.28 Mbit/s 10 Gbit/s STM-64 4032 E1 or 64 E4
39813.12 Mbit/s 40 Gbit/s STM-256 16128 E1 or 256 E4

STM = Synchronous Transport Module


SDH
• - SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard technology for
synchronous data transmission on optical media. It is the international
equivalent of Synchronous Optical Network. Both technologies provide
faster and less expensive network interconnection than traditional PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) equipment.
• In digital telephone transmission, "synchronous" means the bits from one
call are carried within one transmission frame. "Plesiochronous" means
"almost (but not) synchronous," or a call that must be extracted from
more than one transmission frame.
• SDH uses the following Synchronous Transport Modules (STM) and rates:
STM-1 (155 megabits per second), STM-4 (622 Mbps), STM-16 (2.5
gigabits per second), and STM-64 (10 Gbps).
• The base station identity code (BSIC) is a truncated form of cell identity
used on the synchronization channel in GSM cellular networks. The BSIC is
6 bits in length and composed of a 3-bit network color code (NCC) and a
3-bit base-station color code (BCC). The NCC is normally assigned by a
national or international regulatory authority and the BCC is assigned by
the network operator. The BSIC is defined in GSM specification 03.03
section 4.3.2.

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