P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

Computer Hardware & Assembling

Concept

Presented by
Mr. Puneet Wadhwani
Pioneer Institute And P & P Computers
98261-40465,98272-40465
12/08/21
 Hardware,Firmware, OS

Application-IV

Operating System-III
Firmware-II
Hardware-I

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P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465
  Hardware:- “The Physical part
that is touchable. ”
SMPS,Motherboard,CPU,FDD,HDD,CD ROM
 Firmware:- “This is program that control the
Hardware”
AMI, AWARD, PHONIX
 OS:- System Software
Microsoft windows,Linux,Other

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P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465
 1. Cabinet with SMPS
2. Processor (CPU)
3. Motherboard (Display Adapter,Sound
Blaster,MODEM, NIC)
4. Primary Memory ( RAM,ROM)
5. Storage Memory (HDD,FDD,CDROM)
6. Display Devices (CRT,TFT)
7. Keyboard & Mouse

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 “Switch Mode Power Supply-
It is device that convert A.C. to D.C.”

SMPS
AT ATX
(Advance Technology) (Advance Technology
with Extention)
[ Manually Operated On------Switch
On/Off Switch ] Ring
Keyboard
Mouse
NIC
“O/P Power Rating” :300,400,450,500watt
Make: iball,Intex,Frontech,Zebronics,Navotech
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P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465
 SMPS is a device that convert A.C. to D.C
Two Type of SMPS ( AT & ATX )
SMPS is available in different Wattage.
AT SMPS Used in Old system
ATX SMPS used in latest system
Motherboard start the ATX SMPS
We can wake up our system through
mobile,RTC,Keyboard,mouse in case of
ATX.

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P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465
 This is the Brain of every computer system .
Clock S. peed: Higher Clock give minimum
access time. ( 2 MHZ to 3.8 GHZ)
Cache Memory: ”Fastest Memory Inside the CPU”
Its 2 Type-
1] L1 Cache 2] L2 Cache
{Inside the Core, {Out side the Core,
Size:8kb-128kb} Size:128kb-4Mb}
Internal Cache memory ( 8 KB to 2 MB)
Front Side Bus Speed FSB: Communication Path
Between CPU & Controler ( 33 MHZ to 1066)
Data BUS ( 8 bit to 64 bit)
Address BUS (16 bit 38 bit)
CPU Make : Intel , Cyrix & AMD

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 P-I,P-II,P-III,P- Celeron Centrino
IV
Processor ClockSpeed Cache FSB Voltage
P-IV 2.8GHz 2MB 800 MHz 1.3 v
Dual Core 2.8GHz 2MB 800 MHz 1.3 v
Core to Duo 1.8GHz 4MB 1066 MHz 1.3 v
HT 2.8GHz 512KB 800 MHz 1.3 v
Celeron 2.8GHz 512KB 400 MHz 1.3 v

Single Core Celeron P-IV

Multi Core(Dual Core) Dual Core+Core to duo
Xeon Quad Core

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P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465
 Advance Micro Device

K-6:I,II,III Sempron Duron Athlon Athlon-XP

Sempron: 2800,2800+
Duron
Athlon 3000, 3600+
Athlon-XP 3600, 3800+
Opetron 4200+

P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-

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 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-
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 Motherboard
“Main Part of the System”

CPU Socket,
Bus Controller,
BIOS,
RAM,
IRQ,
USB Controller,
DMA,
Clock

 Motherboard is a physical & logical backbone of the entire system.

 In PCs motherboard is the entire system.
 Motherboard define the size, shape & connections.

12/08/21 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

  Motherboard contains the CPU , memory(ROM
& RAM) & many other supporting logic circuits
to make the complete computer work as a proper
system.The centerpiece of the system unit is the
Motherboard. All the other circuitry of the
system unit is part of the Motherboard.

12/08/21 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

  Processor Unit
 Math Coprocessor(optional)
 System Clock
 BIOS
 ROM
 RAM
 Keyboard Controller
 Some logic circuits for I/O
 Interrupts
 DMA

P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-

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 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-
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 1. RAM –
 Motherboard also contain Random Access
Memory.
 This is a read/write type of memory which is
used by the processor to keep program, data &
intermediate results during the program
executions.
 The access of this memory on the motherboard is
much faster as compared to the access of any
memory on an expansion card.
 A special 32-bit slot for installing memory
expansion card is present all the 80386 & higher
processor based motherboards.

12/08/21 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

  Cache memory is a very small amount of
very high speed memory used in between the
main memory(RAM) & the processor.

 The information frequently required by the

processor is kept in the cache memory by the
cache controller.

 This improves the speed of the computer

operation.

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  Read Only Memory is essential component of
the motherboard.
 A system normally contains one or more of
these ROM chips.
 The information stored in a ROM is not
erased when the system is switched off.
 The memory capacity of a ROM varies from
one type of system to another.
 64KB is normally sufficient for an XT system,
whereas an AT system requires 256KB of
ROM.

12/08/21 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

  The most important program stored in the
ROM is the BIOS (Basic Input Output
System).

 It is the program which lets our program

check the motherboard & other devices
connected to the computer during the system
power-on time(Power-On-Self-Test/POST).

 IBM made the original BIOS for their PCs,

which are available from Award, Phoenix,
American Megatrends Inc. (AMI) etc.
different manufactures.

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  CMOS ( Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor).

 Memory to store the system

configuration, date, time & other data
with the help of some special
configuration program.

 This CMOS memory receives current

from a battery accompanying it, it retains
the information stored in it even when
the system is switched off.

12/08/21 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

  Many controller chips & other devices
which binds everything together.
 A system requires Interrupt controller,
DMA controller, Timer chip, Bus
controller chip, I/O peripheral interface
chip etc. to make the computer work as a
complete unit.
 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits,
VLSIC chips are called “Chipsets“.
 Large scale integration along with high-
capacity memory chips, has led to even
fewer components on a PC’s motherboard.

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  Primary Memory
1 ROM
2 RAM
 Secondary memory
1 Hard disk
2 floppy disk
3 compact disk

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  It is non
removable
memory

 It is the
fundamental
memory

 Capacity is low

 Security is high

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  1. Non EDO ( 30 pins)
 2. EDO ( 72 pins)
 3. SDRAM (168 pins)
 4. DDR-1 (184 pins)
 5. DDR- 2 (240 pins)
 6. DDR-3

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 Secondary Memory
1 Hard Disk (HDD)
2 Floppy Disk (FDD)
3 Compact Disk (CD)

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  used for storing huge amount data
 Storage capacity (20 MB to 500 GB)
 RPM (3200 to 10,000)
 Available in different interface .
 IDE – 40 PIN connector
 SCSI- 50 PIN connector
 SATA- 6 PIN connector

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  Motor
 platter
 spindle
 head

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 Media PCB

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  FDD available in two Sizes ( 3.5” ,5.25” )
 Capacity Size
 360 KB 5.25”
 640 KB 5.25”
 720 KB 3.5”
 1.2 MB 5.25”
 1.44 MB 3.5”
 2.88 MB 3.5”

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  CDROM
 CDRW
 DVD ROM
 COMBO DRIVE
 DVD RW

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  CRT ( CATHOD RAY TUBE)
 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

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 Resolution Color depth

Refresh rate Accelerator

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  TM: Columns n
rows
Text mode

Graphics mode

 GM: array of
PIXELS

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  ‘PICTURE’ X ‘ELEMENT’.

 It’s a single point in graphic image.

 No. of bits used 2 represent a bit

determines how many colors or shades it
can display. (Eg: 8-bit -> 256 color
display).

 Composed of 3 dots… RGB.

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  HGC
 CGA
 VGA
 SVGA
 EGA etc….

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  SUPER VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY.

 To improve the resolution than VGA.

 Supports :-> 800 X 600 or 480,000 pixels.

-> 16 million colors but limited to
256 colors bcoz of video
memory.

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  Resolution ( 800 X 600 ,1024 x 768)

 Size (15” ,17” ,19”,21”)

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  Three resolution standards are dominant:
VGA (640 x 480) & SVGA (800x600)

 Most people prefer the last because it's

exactly equivalent to today's most popular
desktop displays so it can use the same
software and drivers

12/08/21 P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465

 12/08/21

Mr. Puneet Wadhwani

Pioneer Instituters
P & P Computers
98261-40465,98272-40465
P & P Computers 98261-40465,98272-40465