First Steps with C++

CSCI 1205: Intro to Programming in C++

Lecture 02

Aleksandar Zoranic
University of New Orleans

Slides adapted from Dr. Daniel Bilar 1

Goals Today
 Appreciation of Program Design Process
 Parsing a very simple C++ program
 Programming concepts
 Libraries:iostream
 Main function: int main()
 C++ instructions: cin, cout, return
 Using our C++ IDE
 Foray into testing and debugging
 Syntax (compile-time), execution (run-time), logic
errors
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 Review: Programming Concepts
 Algorithm
 A sequence of precise
instructions that
leads to a solution
 Ex: in the picture
 Program
 An algorithm expressed in
a language the
computer can understand
 Ex: C++, Java, Assembly,
Lisp, Visual Basic etc

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/routing-algorithm3.htm 3
 Software Life Cycle
 6 stages
1. Analysis and specification of the task
(problem definition)
2. Design of the software
(object and algorithm design)
3. Implementation (coding)
4. Testing
5. Maintenance and evolution of the system
6. Obsolescence

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 Program Design
 Programming is a creative
process
 No complete set of rules for
creating a program

 Program Design Process

 Problem Solving Phase
 Result is a description that solves
the problem
 First English, then English-
algorithmic
 Implementation Phase
 Result is the algorithm translated
into a programming
language

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Problem Solving Phase
 Be certain the task is
completely specified
 What is the input?
 What information is in the
output?
 What error conditions can
arise?
 How can I test easily and
comprehensively?
 What output am I returning?

 Work with the algorithm

before coding
 Experience shows this saves a
lot of time
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 Implementation Phase
 Translating to C++
 Code the algorithm in a
programming language. This gets
easier as you gain experience with
the language
 Compile the source code
 Locates errors in using the
programming language

 Testing:
 Run the program on sample data,
test harness
 Verify correctness of results

 Results may require modification

of the algorithm and program
 Software bugs cost the US economy
an estimated $59 billion annually
(2002) – 0.6% of GDP
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Challenges of Software Engineering
 Software is prone to malliciousness
 Software construction is human-intensive
 Software is intangible
 Software problems are unprecedentedly
complex
 Software solutions require unusual rigor
 Software has discontinuous operational
nature
Object Oriented Programming
 Used for many modern programs
 C++ is a language that enables OOP
 Paradigm
 Program is viewed as interacting objects
 Each object contains state variables and
algorithms to describe its behavior and for
interaction with other objects
 Program design phase involves designing
objects and their algorithms

Characteristics
 Encapsulation
 Information hiding
 Objects contain their own data and algorithms
 Inheritance
 Writing reusable code
 Objects can inherit characteristics from other
objects
 Polymorphism
A single name can have multiple meanings
depending
on its context Picture from Zeegee software
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Introduction to C++
 Where did C++ come from?
 Derived from the C language
 C was derived from the B language
 B was derived from the BCPL language

 Why the ‘++’?

 ++ is an operator in C++ and results in a cute pun

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C++ History
 C developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T
Bell Labs in the 1970s.
 Used to maintain UNIX systems
 Many commercial applications written in c
 C++ developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T
Bell Labs in the 1980s.
 Overcame several shortcomings of C
 Incorporated object oriented programming
 C remains a subset of C++

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A Sample C++ Program
 A simple C++ program begins this way

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

 And ends this way

return 0;
}
Display 1.8
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Explanation of code (1/5)
 Variable declaration line

int number_of_pods, peas_per_pod,

total_peas;

 Identifies names of three variables to name numbers

 int means that the variables represent integers

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Explanation of code (2/5)
 Program statement

cout << “Press return after entering a

number.\n”;

 cout (see-out) used for output to the monitor

 “<<“ inserts “Press…a number.\n” in the data

bound for the monitor

 Think of cout as a name for the monitor

 “<<“ points to where the data is to end up

 ‘\n’ causes a new line to be started on the monitor

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Explanation of code (3/5)
 Program statement

cin >> number_of_pods;

 cin (see-in) used for input from the keyboard

 “>>” extracts data from the keyboard

 Think of cin as a name for the keyboard

 “>>” points from the keyboard to a variable where the data

is stored

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Explanation of code (4/5)
 Program statement

total_peas = number_of_pods *
peas_per_pod;

 Performs a computation
 ‘*’ is used for multiplication
 ‘=‘ causes total_peas to get a new value based
on the calculation shown on the right of the equal sign

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Explanation of code (5/5)
 Program statement

cout << number_of_pods;

 Sends the value of variable

number_of_pods to the monitor

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Program Layout (1/3)

 Compiler accepts almost any pattern of line

breaks and indentation
 Programmers format programs so they
are easy to read
 Place opening brace ‘{‘ and closing brace ‘}’
on a line by themselves
 Indent statements
 Use only one statement per line

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Program Layout (2/3)
 Variables are declared before they are used
 Typically variables are declared at the beginning of
the program
 Statements (not always lines) end with a semi-colon

 Include Directives
#include <iostream>
 Tells compiler where to find information about items
used in the program
 iostream is a library containing definitions of cin
and cout

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Program Layout (3/3)
 using namespace std;
 Tells the compiler to use names in iostream in
a “standard” way

 To begin the main function of the program

int main()
{
 To end the main function
return 0;
}
 Main function ends with a return statement

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Running a C++ Program
 C++ source code is written with a text
editor

 The compiler on your system converts

source code to object code.

 The linker combines all the object code

into an executable program.

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Run a Program
 Obtain code in Display 1.10 Display 1.10
 Compile the code
 Fix any errors the compiler indicates and
re-compile the code
 Run the program
 Now you know how to run a program on
your system

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Section 1.3 Conclusion
 Can you…

 Describe the output of this line?

cout << “C++ is easy to understand.”;

 Explain what this line does?

cin >> peas_per_pod;

 Explain this? #include <iostream>

 Next: Section 1.4 Testing and Debugging
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Sec 1.4: Testing and Debugging
 Bug
 A mistake in a program
 Debugging
 Eliminating mistakes in programs
 Term used when a moth caused a failed relay
on the Harvard Mark 1 computer. Grace Hopper
and other programmers taped the moth in logbook
stating:
“First actual case of a bug being found.”

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Example of Software Failures
 March 31, 1986: Mexicana  1991 Gulf War, failure of a Patriot
Airline, Boeing 727 crashed missile system to track an Iraqi
into a mountain Scud missile, killed 28 American
soldiers
 March-June 1986: Therac 25
 October 26, 1992, the ambulance
radiation therapy machines
dispatch system in London failed
overdosed cancer patients
after installation
 November 2-4, 1988: Morris  June 4, 1996, ESA’s Ariane 5
Computer virus rocket exploded 40 seconds after
 September 17, 1991: A power liftoff
outage at AT&T switching  December 10, 1990, Space Shuttle
facility in NYC interrupted Columbia was forced to land early
service to 10 million phone  September 1999, Mars Climate
users for 9 hours Orbiter exploded on entry

See Neumann http://tinyurl.com/9vusas for a looong list of

software gone bad .. engineers take note
Program Errors
 Syntax errors
 Violation of the grammar rules of the language
 Discovered by the compiler
 Error messages may not always show correct location of
errors
 Run-time errors
 Error conditions detected by the computer at run-
time
 Logic errors
 Errors in the program’s algorithm
 Most difficult to diagnose
 Computer does not recognize an error

Let’s try to induce some errors with our compiler 26

Next class
 Read Savitch, Ch 1, again

 Peruse Savitch, Ch. 2

 Download and Install Visual Studio C++

Express Edition 2008 for Windows

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