TAGUIG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A. REYES STREET, NEW LOWER BICUTAN, TAGUIG CITY

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2 January 21, 2021
(Research Methodology) 11:00am – 12:00nn
VIA GOOGLE MEET
OPENING PRAYER
Checking of
Attendance
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion, you are expected to:

determine the Identify the

01 sample size using 02 different types of
Slovin’s Formula probability
sampling
Identify the
Describe sampling
03 different types of 04 procedure and the
non-probability
sample
sampling
 Sampling
Techniques in
Quantitative
Research
Probability and Non-Probability
Sampling
 POPULAT
SAMPLE
ION Refers to the
Refers to a larger participants obtained
pool of potential from the larger
participants in a population.
research study Represents the larger
population
 HOW ARE WE GOING TO
CALCULATE/ DETERMINE THE
SAMPLE SIZE FOR MY RESEARCH
There are many factors that should be considered when
determining the sample size:
• Budget for a large or small sample
• Research design used
• Confidence level
• Characteristics of the target sample
• Sampling method used
 CALCULATING THE SAMPLE
1.  
Using the SLOVIN’S FORMULA:
n = N / (1 + N)
Where: N = Total Population
n = sample
e = margin of error Depends on the
confidence level
 CALCULATING THE SAMPLE
1. 
Calculating for simple random sampling
n=

Where: Z-score depends on 90% = 1.645 95% = 1.96 99% = 2.576

the confidence level

Margin of error 0.010 0.05 0.001

Standard Deviation *standard = 0.5

 CALCULATING THE SAMPLE
1.  
Calculating the sample size by deriving the formula of margin of error

Where:
E = margin of error
α = confidence level
σ = population
 
standard deviation n
n = sample size
 SAMPLING

PROBABILITY NON- PROBABILITY

SAMPLING SAMPLING

Edit member of the population has Involves purposely choosing

equal chances of being selected as a participants according to some
participant in the study identified variables

Selection is done randomly No random selection

 Sampling
In research, it is a word that refers to the method or
procedure of choosing respondents to answer the
question. According to Paris (2013) he stated that the
bigger group from where you choose the sample is
called population and sampling frame is the term used
to mean the list of the members of such population
from where you will get the sample.
 Probability Sampling or Unbiased
Sampling
In this kind of sampling, you are required to have a list of your
target respondents focused on your study. An equal chance of
participation in the sampling or selection process given to every
member listed in the sampling frame.
As a researcher you remember that the smaller the sample is,
the higher chance of sampling error. Therefore, the bigger number
of respondents will avoid sample errors. Hence, sample error yields
if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned by the
researcher.
 Simple Random
Sampling
This type of probability sampling uses a
pure chance selection process. Have a list
of all members of the respondents, write
each name on the card, the researcher
chooses cards through a pure chance
selection.
 Simple Random
Sampling
Steps:
1st – Assign numbers to the members of
the population
2nd – Randomly select/draw a number
from the list
 Stratified Random
Sampling
The group comprising the sample is chosen
in a way that such group is liable to subdivision
during the data analysis stage. A study needing
group-by-group analysis finds stratified
sampling is the right probability sampling to be
used
 Stratified Random
Sampling
Steps:
1st – Divide the population into different
subgroups/strata
2nd – Randomly select the numbers of the
sample for each subgroup
 Systematic Random
Sampling
Instead of using a list of random
numbers, researcher calculates a sampling
interval, and the interval becomes his or
her own quasi random selection method.
 Systematic Random
Sampling
In order to solve the interval, you can think of
the sample interval as the inverse of the sampling
ration. The sampling ratio for 150 names out of
1,500 will be 150/1,500 = 0.1 x 100 = 10% . The
sampling interval is 1,500 / 150 = 10
 Systematic Random
Steps: Sampling
1st – Number the units from 1 to N (where N
is the total population)
2nd – Compute for the sample size (n)
3rd – Compute for the interval size (k)
[where k = N/n]
4th – Take every kth unit as sample
 Cluster Sampling
The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample
economically while retaining the characteristics of a
probability sampling.
For example, if the researcher tends to have sample
of 150 out of 1,000 students in their school, the
researcher can randomly select at least three sections
with 50 students to represent the sample.
 Cluster Sampling
Steps:
1st – Divide population into clusters based
on geographic boundaries
2nd – Randomly select clusters
3rd – Randomly select units from each
selected cluster
 Cluster Sampling
When identifying the clusters, ideally, it must meet the following criteria:
● Each cluster’s population should be as diverse as possible; every
potential characteristics of the entire population to be represented in each
cluster is there.
● Each cluster should have a similar distribution of characteristics as the
distribution of the population as a whole.
● There should not be any overlap between clusters. Meaning, each
particular member of each cluster is exclusive in that specific cluster.
 Non-Probability Sampling
This non-probability sampling disregards
random selection of respondents. According to
Edmond (2013) that the subjects are chosen based
on their availability or the purpose of the study, in
some cases it is the discretion of the researchers
 Convenience Sampling
- Selecting a sample based on the
availability of the member and/or
proximity to the researcher
- Also known as accidental, opportunity,
or grab sampling
 Availability Sampling
The willingness of a person as your subject to
interact with you counts a lot in this non-
probability sampling method. These people show
willingness to respond to your questions, then you
automatically consider them as your respondents.
 Voluntary Sampling

Since the subjects you expect to participate in

the sample selection are the ones volunteering to
constitute the sample, there is no need for you to
do any selection process.
Purposive or Judgmental
Sampling
You choose people whom you are sure
could correspond to the objectives of your
study, like selecting those with rich
experience or interest in your subject.
 Quota Sampling
In this type of sampling, you chose quota sampling
when the researcher knows the characteristics of the
target population. In this quota sampling a specific set
of persons whom the researcher believes to have the
characteristics of the target population involved in the
study.
 Snowball Sampling
Similar to snow expanding widely or
rolling rapidly, this sampling method, does
not give a specific set of samples and this is
true for a study involving unspecified
group of people.
 In a
nutshell…
● Quantitative research relies on the involvement of a large number of
participants for proper representation and generalization of findings.
● Sampling is a necessary step in identifying the accurate number of
participants in a quantitative research for proper generalization.
● There are different probability sampling and non-probability sampling
methods that may be used by the researcher depending on his research
design.
● Each of these sampling methods follow certain steps that help the
researcher be able to effectively acquire the needed sample for research.
INSTRUME
NT
DEVELOPM
ENT
Developing a research instrument
 Developing a research
instrument
Before you collect any data from the
respondents, you will need to design or
devised new research instruments or you
may adopt in into the other researches
(the tools you will use to collect the data)
 Developing a research
instrument
If the researcher/s is planning to carry out interviews
or focus groups, then the researcher/s will need to plan an
interview schedule or topic guide. This is a list of
questions or topic areas that all the interviewers will use.
Asking everyone that same questions means that the
data you collect will be much more focused and easier to
analyze.
 Developing a research
instrument
If the researcher wants to carry out a survey, they will need
to design a questionnaire. This could be on paper or online
(using free software such as Survey Monkey or Google Forms)
Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. If the
group is collecting data from more than one type of person
(such as young people and teachers, for example), it may need
to design more than one interview schedule or questionanaire.
 Developing a research
instrument
When designing the research instruments ensure that:
● they start with a statement about.
● the focus and aims of the research project
● how the person’s data will be used
● confidentiality
● how long the interview or survey will take to complete
● usage of appropriate language
● every question must be brief and concise
● any questionnaires use appropriate scales