Design and Analysis

of Experiments

Chapter 8
Two-Level Fractional
Factorial Design
(Thiết Kế Lũy Thừa Phân Đoạn)
Dr. Tran Thanh Hung
Department of Automation Technology,
College of Engineering, Can Tho University
Email: [email protected]
 Chapter objectives

At the end of this chapter, students can:

• Understand the application of  Fractional
Factorial designs
• Be familiar with the terms “design
generator”, “alias structure” and “design
resolution”

2
 Fractional Factorial Design:
Introduction
• When the number of factors becomes large
enough to be “interesting”, the size of the
designs grows very quickly; while resources for
the experiment are limited
• If the experimenter can reasonably assume that
certain high-order interactions are negligible,
information on the main effects and low-order
interactions may be obtained by running only a
fraction of the complete factorial experiment
• These fractional factorial designs are among the
most widely used types of designs for product
and process design, process improvement, and
industrial/business experimentation 3
 Why do Fractional Factorial
Designs Work?
• The sparsity of effects principle (nguyên lý hiệu ứng
rải rác)
– There may be lots of factors, but few are important
– System is dominated by main effects, low-order
interactions
• The projection property (tính chất hình chiếu)
– Fractional factorial designs can be projected into
stronger (larger) designs in the subset of significant
factors
• Sequential experimentation (Dãy thí nghiệm)
– It is possible to combine the runs of two (or more)
fractional factorials to construct sequentially a larger
design to estimate the factor effects and interactions
4
of interest.
 One-Half Fraction of the 2k Design

Consider a situation in which three factors, each at two levels, are

of interest, but the experimenters cannot afford to run all 23= 8
treatment combinations. They can, however, afford 4 runs.
 one-half fraction of a 23 design
• Note: because the design has 2k/2 runs, it’s referred to as a 2k-1
• Consider a really simple case, the 23-1

Principal
fraction
I =ABC

Alternate
fraction
5
 The One-Half Fraction of the 23

For the principal fraction, notice that the contrast for estimating the
main effect A is exactly the same as the contrast used for estimating
the BC interaction.
This phenomena is called aliasing (định danh) and it occurs in all
fractional designs
Aliases can be found directly from the columns in the table of + and – 6
signs
 Aliasing in the One-Half Fraction of the 23

Principa
fraction
I =ABC

Estimate the main effects of A, B, and C Estimate effects of BC, AC, and AB

7
Aliasing in the One-Half Fraction of the 23

A = BC, B = AC, C = AB
Aliases can be found from the defining relation I = ABC
by multiplication:
AI = A(ABC) = A2BC = BC
BI =B(ABC) = AC
CI = C(ABC) = AB
Textbook notation for aliased effects:

 A  A  BC ,  B   B  AC ,  C   C  AB
8
 The Alternate Fraction of the 23-1

• I = -ABC is the defining relation

• Implies slightly different aliases: A = -BC,
B= -AC, and C = -AB
• Both designs belong to the same family,
defined by
I   ABC
• Suppose that after running the principal
fraction, the alternate fraction was also run
• The two groups of runs can be combined to
form a full factorial – an example of
sequential experimentation
9
 Design Resolution
A design is of resolution R if no p-factor effect is aliased with
another effect containing less than R-p factors.
• Resolution III Designs 2 III 
31

– These are designs in which no main effects are aliased
with any other main effect, but main effects are aliased
with two-factor interactions and some two-factor
interactions may be aliased with each other.
• Resolution IV Designs 2 IV 
4 1

– These are designs in which no main effect is aliased with
any other main effect or with any two-factor interaction,
but two-factor interactions are aliased with each other

• Resolution V Designs 2V51 
– These are designs in which no main effect or two-factor
interaction is aliased with any other main effect or two-
factor interaction, but two factor interactions are aliased
with three-factor interactions 10
 Construction of a One-half Fraction

- Writing down a basic design consisting of the runs for a full 2 k-1 factorial
- Adding the kth factor by identifying its plus and minus levels with the plus
and minus signs of the highest order interaction ABC...(K-1)

11
Projection of Fractional Factorials

Every fractional
factorial contains full
factorials in fewer
factors
A one-half fraction
will project into a full
factorial in any k–1
of the original k
factors

12
Example 8.1: The filtration rate
experiment in Example 6.2

13
Example 8.1

14
 The AC and AD interactions can be verified
by inspection of the cube plot

Because factor B is not significant, we may drop it from consideration.

Consequently, we may project this design into a single replicate of the 23
design in factors A, C, and D
Khi A thấp, C có ảnh hưởng rất mạnh. Khi A cao, C có ảnh hưởng rất ít. Ngược lại
với D.  Ảnh hưởng AC, AD rất mạnh.

15
Example 8.2: Integrated circuit

16
Example 8.2: Integrated circuit

17
Example 8.2: Integrated circuit

18
Example 8.2: Integrated circuit

19
Example 8.2: Integrated circuit

Aliases structure:
[A]  A + BCDE,
[B]  B + ACDE,
[C]  C + ABDE,
[AB]  AB + CD

20
 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 2k
Consider the 26 design. Suppose we choose I = ABCE and I = BCDF as the design
generators

21
 The One-Quarter Fraction of the
26-2
Complete defining relation: I = ABCE = BCDF = ADEF

22
 The One-Quarter Fraction of the 26-2
• The alternate fractions
E  ABC , F   BCD; E   ABC , F  BCD;
E   ABC , F   BCD
• Projection of the design into subsets of the
original six variables
• Any subset of the original six variables that is
not a word in the complete defining relation
will result in a full factorial design

23
Example 8.4: Injection molding
process

Problem: excessive shrinkage

(co rút quá mức)
 DOE to solve the problem
Choose 6 factors to investigate

24
Ex 8.4: 16-run two-level fractional factorial
design
Ex 8.4: Effect estimates, sums of squares,
and the regression coefficients
 Ex 8.4: Normal probability
analysis

 It is better to set both the mold temperature and the screw speed at the low
level
Ex 8.4: Residual analysis

 Setting the holding time

(C) at the low level is the only
reasonable choice
 The General 2k-p Fractional
Factorial Design
• Section 8.4, page 340
• 2k-1 = one-half fraction, 2k-2 = one-quarter
fraction, 2k-3 = one-eighth fraction, …, 2k-p = 1/
2p fraction
• Add p columns to the basic design; select p
independent generators
• Important to select generators so as to
maximize resolution, see Table 8-14 page
341
• Projection (page 343) – a design of
resolution R contains full factorials in any R –
1 of the factors 29
• Blocking (page 344)
 The General 2k-p Design

Design C would be the best choice for a 2 72

IV
30
 Resolution III Designs

• Designs with main effects aliased with two-

factor interactions
• Used for screening (5 – 7 variables in 8 runs,
9 - 15 variables in 16 runs)
• It is possible to construct resolution III designs
for investigating up to k = N - 1 factors in only
N runs, where N is a multiple of 4.

32
Resolution III Designs

33
 Resolution III Designs
• Sequential assembly of fractions to separate aliased
effects (page 353)
• Switching the signs in one column provides
estimates of that factor and all of its two-factor
interactions
• Switching the signs in all columns dealiases all main
effects from their two-factor interaction alias chains –
called a full fold-over
• Defining relation for a fold-over (page 356)
• Be careful – these rules only work for Resolution III
designs
• There are other rules for Resolution IV designs, and
other methods for adding runs to fractions to dealias
effects of interest 34
 Example 8.7, eye focus time

sharpness of vision (A),

distance from target to eye (B),
target shape (C),
illumination level (D),
target size (E),
target density (F),
and subject (G).

35
Example 8.7, eye focus time

36
Example 8.7, eye focus time

37
 Thực hành chương 8

• Bài 1: Dùng Minitab phân tích kết quả thí

nghiệm trong ví dụ trong bảng 8-3
Số liệu kết quả thí nghiệm:
 Thực hành chương 8
Bài 2: Thí nghiệm phản ứng hóa học trong lò phản ứng hỗn hợp dòng chảy
• Vào link sau: http://uorepc-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp8/index.html#, bấm
Simulator để mô phỏng thí nghiệm
• Thiết kế thí nghiệm 24-1, 1 lần lặp, với các yếu tố sau:

Yếu tố Mức - Mức +

Thể tích lò phản ứng (lít) 1 2
Nồng độ NaOH (M) 0.02 0.04
Nhiệt độ ( C)
o
30 50
Lưu lượng NaOH (lít/giờ) 5 10
Cố định: Nồng độ ethyl acetate =0.2, Lưu lượng ethyl acetate = 5 lít/giờ

• Chạy mô phỏng, chờ khi giá trị ổn định, ghi lại kết quả
• Dùng Minitab phân tích kết quả thí nghiệm, tìm các yếu tố quan trọng
Lưu ý:
- Nhập trực tiếp giá trị cho nhiệt độ, thể tích lò phản ứng
- Kéo thanh chỉnh nồng độ
- Quay valve bằng tay để chỉnh lưu lượng
 Tiến hành
Chỉnh yếu tố khác thí nghiệm

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