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Drying: Rate of Drying: The Form of The Drying Rate Curve Varies With The Structure and Type of Material

The document discusses drying processes and rate of drying. It provides two typical drying rate curves and explains the different periods - constant rate, falling rate 1, and falling rate 2. It discusses factors that affect drying rate such as heat transfer coefficient, temperature difference, and surface area. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations of drying time for various materials and conditions.

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Dr-Khalid Al-Shemmari
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137 views15 pages

Drying: Rate of Drying: The Form of The Drying Rate Curve Varies With The Structure and Type of Material

The document discusses drying processes and rate of drying. It provides two typical drying rate curves and explains the different periods - constant rate, falling rate 1, and falling rate 2. It discusses factors that affect drying rate such as heat transfer coefficient, temperature difference, and surface area. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations of drying time for various materials and conditions.

Uploaded by

Dr-Khalid Al-Shemmari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Drying

It is the final removal of water, or another solute, and the operation often follows evaporation,
filtration, or crystallisation. The drying of materials is often the final operation in a manufacturing
process, carried out immediately prior to packaging or dispatch.

Rate of drying: The form of the drying rate curve varies with the structure and type of material,
and two typical curves (for two different materials) are shown in Figure below
Curve 1: AB zone is constant rate of drying.
BC zone is a steady fall in the rate of drying as
the moisture content is reduced.
B point is called critical moisture content.

Curve 2: DE represents a constant rate period, and EF


and FC are falling rate periods. EF is a straight line, is
known as the first falling rate period, FC is the final stage.
The mass rate of evaporation is

Where: hC is the heat transfer coefficient from air to wet surface depends on air velocity and
direction of flow, W/m2 oC
A = Area of solid surface, m2
λi = Latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg
ΔT = Temp difference, = oC
hC = 8.8G0.8/De0.2 (when parallel air flow)
 
hC = 24.2 G0.37 (when perpendicular air flow)
 
where: G = mass air velocity (kg/m2s),
De = equivalent diameter.
During constant rate period the rate of drying depends upon hC , ΔT and A. The rate of drying during
the 1st falling rate period depends upon the mechanism by which moisture from inside the material is
transferred to the surface. During the 2nd falling rate period from within the solid vapor reaching the
surface by molecular diffusion.
Time of drying:

a- constant rate period: In the drying from wo


to wc the surface is wet and the drying rate, RC
(kg(solute)/m2s) is constant and the time to dry from wo to wc
is
 
tc = (wo – w)/RCA s/kg solid
w may be = wC or more
wo = initial moisture content (kg water/kg dry solid)
wc = critical moisture content (kg water/kg dry solid)
we = equilibrium moisture content (kg water/kg dry solid)
T = Temp of gas (air)
Ti = interfacial temperature

b- falling rate period: The time required to dry between wc and we or more is

Where: fc = wc - we
f = w - we
RC = mfc
where: m = slope = RC/fc (kg solid/m2s)
w = final moisture content

c- total time for drying (tc + tf)


, fo = wo – we

Ex: A wet solid is dried from 25 to 10% moisture under constant drying conditions in 15 ks (4.17 h).
If the critical and the equilibrium moisture contents are 15 and 5 per cent respectively, how long will
it take to dry the solid from 30 to 8% moisture under the same conditions? All on a dry basis.
 
Solution: For the first drying operation :
 
wo = 0.25 kg/kg dry solid
w = 0.1 kg/kg dry solid
we = 0.05 kg/kg dry solid

wc = 0.15 kg/kg dry solid


The total time for drying is
fo = wo – we = 0.25 – 0.05 = 0.2 kg/kg dry solid
 
fc = wc – we = 0.15 – 0.05 = 0.1 kg/kg dry solid
 
f = w – we = 0.1 – 0.05 = 0.05 kg/kg dry solid
 
Substitute in above Eq.

For the second drying operation:


 
wo = 0.3 kg/kg dry solid
→ fo = wo – we
= 0.3 – 0.05 = 0.25 kg/kg dry solid
 
w = 0.08 kg/kg dry solid
→ f = w – we = 0.08 – 0.05 = 0.03 kg/kg dry solid
we = 0.05 kg/kg dry solid
 
wc = 0.15 kg/kg dry solid

→ fc = wc – we

= 0.15 – 0.05 = 0.1 kg/kg dry solid

The total time for drying is


Ex: A filter cake 610 mm square and 51 mm thick, supported on a screen, is dried from both
sides with air at a wet-bulb temperature of 26.7°C and a dry-bulb temperature of 49°C.
The air flows parallel with the faces of the cake at a velocity 1.07 m/s. The dry density of the
cake is 1922 kg/m3. The equilibrium-moisture content is negligible. Under the conditions of
drying the critical moisture is 9 percent, dry basis.
(a) What is the drying rate during the constant-rate period?
(b) How long would it take to dry this material from an initial moisture content of 20 percent
(dry basis) to a final moisture content of 10 percent? Equivalent diameter De is equal to 0.61 m.

For parallel flow: hC = 8.8G0.8/De0.2

Mass velocity of air G, is: G = uρ


→ hC = 8.8(1.177)0.8/0.612 = 11.07 W/m2 oC

At Ti = 26.7oC (wet bulb temp)

→ λi = 2440 kJ/kg (from steam table or Fig. 13.4 at T = 26.7oC)


(b) For constant rate: tc = (wo – w)/RCA
 
Since drying is from both faces, A = 2×(0.61)2 = 0.744 m2
 
→ tc = (0.2 – 0.1)/(0.362*0.744) = 0.3713 h/kg solid
 
The volume of cake is: (0.61)2×0.051 = 0.019 m3
 
Mass of solid: 1922×0.019 = 36.52 kg

→ tc = 0.3713×36.52 = 13.6 h
Ex: A 100 kg batch of granular solids containing 30% moisture is to be dried in a tray drier to15.5%
of moisture by passing a current of air at 350 K tangentially across its surface at a velocity of 1.8
m/s. If the constant rate of drying under these conditions is 0.0007 kg/s.m 2 and the critical
moisture content is 15%, calculate the approximate drying time. Assume the drying surface to be
0.03 m2/kg dry mass. [all on wet basis].

Solution: tc = (wo – w)/RCA


 
In 100 kg feed, mass of water = 0.3×100 = 30 kg
And mass of dry solids = (100 − 30) = 70 kg
 
Thus: initial moisture content, wo = (30/70) = 0.429 kg/kg dry solids

The surface area available for drying = (0.03 × 70) = 2.1 m2


 
→ tc = (0.429 – 0.183)/(0.0007×2.1)
= 167.35 s/kg solid = 167.35×70 = 11714 s
OR tC = water removed/rate of drying
 
After drying the water in the dried solid (assume = b)

and water to be removed = (30 − 12.8) = 17.2 kg

 t = 17.2/(0.0007×2.1) = 11700 s
Ex: 100 kg/hr of dried neomycin (drug most commonly used in combination-drug preparations to treat skin, eye,
and ear infections) containing 4% moisture are produced in a counter current flow spray dryer. The feed solution
containing 45% solids by weight is pumped to the atomizer at 15oC. Atmospheric air at 15oC and 50% relative
humidity is heated with indirect steam at 150oC before entering the dryer. The air stream leaves the dryer at a
temperature of 95oC. The product leaves the dryer at 70oC. Assume that the heat capacity of the dry solids is
1.675 kJ/kgoC. The reference temperature will be 0oC. Calculate the air flow and its exit humidity.
 
Solution: Enthalpy in = Enthalpy out
Solid M.B.: 0.45F = 0.96×100 → F = 213.33 kg/hr
 
→ Water evaporated = 113.33 kg/hr
 
H 1 = 0.005 kg water/kg dry air (from fig.13.4 at T = 15oC & RH = 50%)
Water M.B. on the air: G(H 2 – 0.005) = 113.33 ……(1)
Enthalpy Balance (Heat Balance): Air Enthalpy: HG = cA (θG – θo) + H λo
 
For inter air HG1 = 1(150-0) + (0.005) 2500 = 162.5 kJ/kg (don’t use fig.13.5)
 
For exit air HG2 = 1(95-0) + H2 ×2500
Enthalpy of the feed = (mCP∆T)solid + (mCP∆T)water
 
= 96×1.675(15) + 117.33×4.18(15)
= 9768.6 kJ

Enthalpy of product leaving the dryer = 96×1.675×70 + 4×4.18×70


= 18612.6 kJ
Enthalpy in = Enthalpy out
→ 162.5G + 9768.6 = G(95 + H2 ×2500) + 18612.6 …(2)
From Eqns (1) and (2):
G = 6838 kg dry air/hr
and H2 = 0.0166 kg water/kg dry air

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