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    Evaporation: Types of Evaporators

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    Dr-Khalid Al-Shemmari
    Evaporation involves vaporizing a portion of a solvent, usually water, to concentrate a solution. There are several types of evaporators that use different configurations to transfer heat to a solution, vaporizing some portion to drive off as vapor while concentrating the remaining liquid. A single-effect evaporator uses steam heat in one pass to concentrate an input solution from an initial to final concentration. An example problem is worked out calculating mass flow rates, heat transfer area, and steam requirements for concentrating apple juice in a single-effect evaporator.

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    Evaporation: Types of Evaporators

    Uploaded by

    Dr-Khalid Al-Shemmari
    69 views9 pages
    Evaporation involves vaporizing a portion of a solvent, usually water, to concentrate a solution. There are several types of evaporators that use different configurations to transfer heat to a solution, vaporizing some portion to drive off as vapor while concentrating the remaining liquid. A single-effect evaporator uses steam heat in one pass to concentrate an input solution from an initial to final concentration. An example problem is worked out calculating mass flow rates, heat transfer area, and steam requirements for concentrating apple juice in a single-effect evaporator.

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    Evaporation involves vaporizing a portion of a solvent, usually water, to concentrate a solution. There are several types of evaporators that use different configurations to transfer heat to a solution, vaporizing some portion to drive off as vapor while concentrating the remaining liquid. A single-effect evaporator uses steam heat in one pass to concentrate an input solution from an initial to final concentration. An example problem is worked out calculating mass flow rates, heat transfer area, and steam requirements for concentrating apple juice in a single-effect evaporator.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    69 views9 pages

    Evaporation: Types of Evaporators

    Uploaded by

    Dr-Khalid Al-Shemmari
    Evaporation involves vaporizing a portion of a solvent, usually water, to concentrate a solution. There are several types of evaporators that use different configurations to transfer heat to a solution, vaporizing some portion to drive off as vapor while concentrating the remaining liquid. A single-effect evaporator uses steam heat in one pass to concentrate an input solution from an initial to final concentration. An example problem is worked out calculating mass flow rates, heat transfer area, and steam requirements for concentrating apple juice in a single-effect evaporator.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Evaporation

    Evaporation is Vaporizing a portion of the solvent (mostly water) to produce a concentrated


    solution of thick liquor commonly used to concentrate sugar, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide,
    glycerol, glue, milk, occasionally used to produce pure water (from sea water).

    Open kettle or pan


    Types of evaporators:
     
    1. Open kettle or pan
    2. Falling film evaporator
    3. Vertical tube evaporator
    4. Horizontal tube evaporator
    Falling film tubular evaporator
    (c) Horizontal evaporator
    (b) Short tube vertical evaporator

    Steam inside the tubes and the solution outside the tubes.

    (a) Long tube vertical evaporator This type of unit is suitable only for low-viscosity solutions that
    do not deposit scale on the heat-transfer surfaces.
    Basic Evaporator Construction:
     
    Industrial evaporator systems normally consist of:
    1. A heat exchanger to supply sensible heat and latent heat of evaporation to the feed.

    2. A separator in which the vapor is separated from the concentrated liquid phase.

    3. A condenser to effect condensation of the vapor and its removal from the system.

    Boiling Point Rise:


    B.P.R. the increase in boiling point of solution over that of pure water, at a given pressure. For a
    given pressure in the vapor space of an evaporator, the boiling temperature of an aqueous solution
    will be equal to that of pure water if the solute is not dissolved but consists of small, insoluble,
    colloidal material. If the solute is soluble, the boiling temperature will be greater than that of pure
    water.
    Method of operation of evaporator:
     
    1) Single stage or single effect of evaporator
    Ex: Apple juice is being concentrated in a natural circulation single effect evaporator. At steady state conditions, dilute
    juice is the feed introduced at a rate of 0.67 kg.s-1. The concentration of the dilute juice is 11% total solids. The juice is
    concentrated to 75% total solids. The specific heats of dilute apple juice and concentrate are 3.9 and 2.3 kJ/kg.C,
    respectively. The steam pressure is measurd to be 304.42 kPa. The inlet feed temperature is 43.3 C. The product inside
    the evaporator boils at 62.2 C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is assumed to be 943 W.m -2.C-1. Assume negligible
    boiling point elevation. Calculate the mass flow rate of concentrated product, steam requirements, steam economy, and
    the heat transfer area.
    Solution :
    , Given: mf = 0.67 kg.s-1 , xf = 0.11, xp = 0.75
    ,Steam pressure = 304.42 kPa, Tf = 43.3 C
    Boiling temperature T1 in evaporator = 62.2 C,.
    U = 943 W.m-2.K-1, cpf = 3.9 kJ.kg-1.C-1
    cpp = 2.3 kj.kg-1.C-1
    Overall mass balance: F = P + V …….(1)

    Mass balance on solute: Fxf = P xp ……(2)


    From Eq.2 0.11  0.67 kg.s-1 = 0.75 P
    → P = 0.098 kg.s-1
    Thus according to Eq. 1 mass flow rate of concentrated product is 0.098 kg.s-1 and mass flow rate of
    vapor is 0.57 kg.s-1
    Heat balance: Need to solve following enthalpy balance
     
    FHf + SHs = VHv + PHp + SHc ........(3)
     
    OR FHf + Sλs = VHv + PHp (λs = Hs – HC)

    Determine Hf and Hp as follows:


    Hf = cp ΔT = 3.9  (43.3 -0) = 168.9 kJ.kg-1

    Hp = 2.3  (62.2 - 0) = 143.1 kJ.kg-1


    From steam table:
    Temperature of steam at 304.42 kPa = 134 C
    Enthalpy for saturated steam vapor Hs (Ts = 134C) = 2725.9 kJ.kg-1
    Enthalpy for saturated vapor Hv (Tv = 62.2 C) = 2613.4 kJ.kg-1
     
    Substitute the above values in Eq. 3
     
    )S  563.41( + )0.098  143.1( + )0.57  2613.4( = )S 2725.9( + ) ­168.9 0.67(
     
    S = 1390.5 2162.49
    S = 0.64 kg.s-1 →
     
    Steam economy: Use V / S = 0.57 / 0.64 = 0.89 kg water evaporated / kg steam
     
    :Surface area of heat exchanger
     
    Use q = UA (Ts – Tp) = S.Hs - S.Hc = S λ

    A  943  (134 - 62.2) = 0.64 (2725.9 - 563.14)  1000


    A = 20.4 m2 →
     

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