A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition

Chapter Three
Creating Tables
 Objectives
• Create and run SQL commands

• Create tables

• Identify and use data types to define columns in

tables

• Understand and use nulls

• Add rows to tables

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 Objectives (continued)
• View table data

• Correct errors in a table

• Save SQL commands to a file

• Describe a table’s layout using SQL

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 Introduction
• Structured Query Language (SQL)

– Most popular and widely used language for

retrieving and manipulating database data

– Developed in mid 1970s under the name

SEQUEL

– Renamed SQL in 1980

– Used by most DBMSs

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 Creating and Running SQL
Commands
• Oracle Database 11g Express
– Software used in text to illustrate SQL
– Commands will work the same in other versions
of Oracle
• Differences between Oracle and Microsoft
Access and SQL Server are noted in special
boxes

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition
• App loads in your web browser

• Must have a DBA database role username and

password

• Create a workspace

– A work area that allows multiple users to work with the

same installation of Oracle

• Login to the workspace

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-1: Oracle Database 11g Express Edition home page

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-2: Entering the username and password for a DBA user

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-3: Creating a new workspace

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-4: Logging in to an Application Express workspace

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)
• Application Express home page provides
access to various tools
• Use SQL Workshop tool in this text
• SQL Scripts page displays scripts

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-5: Oracle Application Express home page

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-6: SQL Workshop page

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-7: SQL Scripts page

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 Using the Oracle Database 11g
Express Edition (continued)

Figure 3-8: Two scripts displayed on the SQL Scripts page

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 Entering Commands

Figure 3-9: SQL Workshop menu

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 Entering Commands (continued)

Figure 3-10: SQL Commands page

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 Creating a Table
• Describe the layout of each table in the database

• Use CREATE TABLE command

• TABLE is followed by the table name

• Follow this with the names and data types of the

columns in the table

• Data types define type and size of data

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 Creating a Table (continued)
• Table and column name restrictions

– Names cannot exceed 30 characters

– Must start with a letter

– Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores

(_)

– Cannot contain spaces

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 Creating a Table (continued)

Figure 3-11: CREATE TABLE command for the REP table

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 Creating a Table (continued)
• Commands are free-format; no rules stating
specific words in specific positions

• Indicate the end of a command by typing a

semicolon

• Commands are not case sensitive

• In Oracle, enter the command in the SQL editor

pane
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 Creating a Table (continued)

Figure 3-12: Running the CREATE TABLE command for the REP table

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 Creating a Table (continued)

Figure 3-13: Using Access SQL view to create a table

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 Creating a Table (continued)

Figure 3-14: Using Microsoft SQL Server to create a table

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 Correcting Errors in SQL
Commands
• Use the same techniques that you might
use in a word processor
• Make changes and click Run button to
execute command again
• Check Results pane to determine if
command executed successfully

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 Dropping a Table
• Can correct errors by dropping (deleting) a table
and starting over

• Useful when table is created before errors are

discovered

• Command is followed by the table to be dropped

and a semicolon

• Any data in table also deleted

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 Using Data Types
• For each column, the type of data must be defined
• Common data types
– CHAR(n)
– VARCHAR(n)
– DATE
– DECIMAL(p,q)
– INT
– SMALLINT
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 Using Nulls
• A special value to represent a situation when the
actual value is not known for a column

• Can specify whether to allow nulls in the

individual columns

• Should not allow nulls for primary key columns

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 Using Nulls (continued)
• Use NOT NULL clause in CREATE TABLE
command to exclude the use of nulls in a column

• Default is to allow null values

• If a column is defined as NOT NULL, system will

reject any attempt to store a null value there

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 Using Nulls (continued)
CREATE TABLE REP
(REP_NUM CHAR(2) PRIMARY KEY,
LAST_NAME CHAR(15) NOT NULL,
FIRST_NAME CHAR(15) NOT NULL,
STREET CHAR(15),
CITY CHAR(15),
STATE CHAR(2),
POSTAL_CODE CHAR(5),
COMMISSION DECIMAL(7,2),
RATE DECIMAL(3,2) );

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 Adding Rows to a Table
• INSERT Command
– INSERT INTO followed by table name
– VALUES command followed by specific values in
parentheses
– Values for character columns in single quotation
marks

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 The Insert Command

Figure 3-17: INSERT command for the first record in the REP table

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 The INSERT Command (continued)
• To add new rows, modify previous insert
command

• Use same editing techniques as those used to

correct errors

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 Inserting a Row that Contains
Nulls
• Use a special format of INSERT command to
enter a null value in a table

• Identify the names of the columns that accept

non-null values and then list only the non-null
values after the VALUES command

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 Inserting a Row that Contains Nulls
(continued)

Figure 3-20: Inserting a row that contains null values in the REP table

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 Viewing Table Data
• Use SELECT command

– Can display all the rows and columns in a table

• SELECT * FROM followed by the name of the

table

• Ends with a semicolon

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 Viewing Table Data (continued)

Figure 3-21: Using a SELECT command to view table data

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 Viewing Table Data (continued)
• In Access
– Enter SELECT statement in SQL view
• In SQL Server
– Enter SELECT statement in Query Editor window

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 Correcting Errors in a Table
• UPDATE command is used to update a value in
a table

• DELETE command allows you to delete a record

• INSERT command allows you to add a record

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 Correcting Errors in a Table
(continued)

Figure 3-26: Using an UPDATE command to change a value

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 Correcting Errors in a Table
(continued)

Figure 3-27: Last name changed for sales rep number 75

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 Correcting Errors in a Table
(continued)

Figure 3-28: Using a DELETE command to delete a row

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 Saving SQL Commands
• Allows you to use commands again without
retyping
• Save commands in a script file or script
– Text file with .sql extension

• Script repository
– Special location in Oracle
– Can download to local drive

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 Saving SQL Commands
(continued)
• To create a script file in Oracle:
– Use Script Editor page
– Enter a name for script
– Type the command or commands to save in
script
– Save the script

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 Saving SQL Commands
(continued)
• Once a script file is created:
– Can view, edit, or run
– Can delete
– Can download from script repository to local drive
– Can upload from local drive to script repository

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 Saving SQL Commands
(continued)
• Access
– Does not use script files
– Save SQL commands as query objects
• SQL Server
– Can create scripts
– Can view, edit, run scripts
– Can delete scripts

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 Creating the Remaining Database
Tables
• Execute appropriate CREATE TABLE and
INSERT commands
• Save these commands as scripts
• Separate multiple commands in a script file with
a semicolon
• Figures 3-30 through 3-37 give additional table
information for TAL Distributors

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 Describing a Table
• DESCRIBE command (Oracle)

• Documenter tool (Access)

• Exec sp_columns command (SQL Server)

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 Describing a Table (continued)

Figure 3-38: DESCRIBE command for the REP table

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 Summary
• Use the CREATE TABLE command to create
tables

• Use the DROP TABLE command to delete a

table

• CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, DECIMAL, INT, and

SMALLINT data types

– Access does not support DECIMAL

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 Summary (continued)
• Null value used when actual value for a column
is unknown, unavailable, or not applicable
• Use NOT Null clause to identify columns that
cannot have a null value
• Use INSERT command to add rows
• Use SELECT command to view data in a table

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 Summary (continued)
• Use UPDATE command to change the value in a
column
• Use DELETE command to delete a row
• Save SQL commands in a script file
• Use DESCRIBE command to display a table’s
structure

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