Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of an operating systems course, including: 1) An introduction to the instructor and course outline covering topics like process management, memory systems, file systems, and deadlocks. 2) A definition of operating systems as programs that act as intermediaries between users and computer hardware by managing resources and controlling programs. 3) A discussion of basic computer system structure including hardware, operating systems, application programs, and users.

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Lecture 1

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Shoaib Talib

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OPERATING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
Dr Usman Qamar
BE - College of E&ME
MSc – UMIST, UK
Mphil- University of Manchester, UK
PhD - University of Manchester, UK
Post-Doc - University of Oxford, UK
• Course Outline
• Marks
TODAY’S
Distribution
LECTURE: AGENDA
• Lesson 1
COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction
•Purpose of the Operating System. OS entities and functions.

Device Management
•Polling / Interrupts, Process, Threads

•Storage Management
COURSE OUTLINE

Memory Systems
•Basic concepts. Contiguous storage allocation Single- and
multi-programming. Segmentation. Paging.

File Systems
•Directory organization. File types and file organization.

Recourse Systems
•Basic concepts. Deadlocks. Sharing, Scheduling.
Reading List

Core Text
COURSE OUTLINE
Title: Operating system concepts (8th edition)
Author: Silberschatz, Abraham, Peter Baer Galvin, and Greg Gagne
ISBN: 9780470233993
Publisher: Wiley
Edition: 8th
Year: 2009

Core Text
Title: Modern operating systems (3rd edition)
Author: Tanenbaum, Andrew S.
ISBN: 9780138134594
Publisher: Pearson
Edition: 3rd
Year: 2007
Reading List

Supplementary Text
Title: Operating systems: internals and design principles (6th edition)
COURSE OUTLINE
Author: Stallings, William
ISBN: 9780136033370
Publisher: Pearson
Edition: 6th
Year: 2007

Supplementary Text
Title: Operating systems: design and implementation (3rd edition)
Author: Tanenbaum, Andrew S. and Albert S. Woodhull
ISBN: 9780135053768
Publisher: Pearson
Edition: 3rd
Year: 2008
MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Quizzes (x6) 10
Midterms (x2) 30
Project 15
Final (x1) 45
LECTURE 1: OBJECTIVES
• To provide a grand tour of the major operating systems
components

• To provide coverage of basic computer system organization

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of

a computer and the computer hardware

• Operating system goals:

• Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
COMPUTER SYSTEM STRUCTURE

• Computer system can be divided into four components

• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
FOUR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINITION

•OS is a resource allocator

• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use
• Suppose two different components wants to use the data
bus simultaneously
•OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
• For example the memory locations in RAM.
COMPUTER-SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance
Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
Advantages include
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance
Two types
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing
GRACEFUL DEGRATION
Graceful degradation is the ability of a computer, machine,
electronic system or network to maintain limited functionality
even when a large portion of it has been destroyed or rendered
inoperative. The purpose of graceful degradation is to
prevent catastrophic failure. Ideally, even the simultaneous loss
of multiple components does not cause downtime in a system
with this feature. In graceful degradation, the operating
efficiency or speed declines gradually as an increasing number
of components fail.
FAULT TOLERANT
Fault-tolerant systems are designed so that if a component fails
or a network route becomes unusable, a backup component,
procedure or route can immediately take its place with no
negative impact whatsoever on individual subscribers. Graceful
degradation is an outgrowth of effective fault management,
which is the component of network management concerned
with detecting, isolating and resolving problems.
SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING ARCHITECTURE

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Symmetric-Multiprocessing

https://techdifferences.com/difference-between-symmetric-
and-asymmetric-multiprocessing.html
OS MANAGEMENT SUITE

•Process Management

•Memory Management

•Storage Management

•Protection and Security

PROCESS MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with process management:
• Creating and deleting both user and system processes
• Suspending and resuming processes
• Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
• Providing mechanisms for process communication
• Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
• All data in memory before and after processing
• All instructions in memory in order to execute
• Memory management determines what is in memory when
• Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users
• Memory management activities
• Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used
and by whom
• Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move into
and out of memory
• Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
STORAGE MANAGEMENT

• OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage

• Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file
• File-System management
• Files usually organized into directories
• Access control on most systems to determine who can access
what
• OS activities include
• Creating and deleting files and directories
• Primitives to manipulate files and dirs
• Mapping files onto secondary storage
• Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media
PROTECTION AND SECURITY

• Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of

processes or users to resources defined by the OS
• Security – defense of the system against internal and
external attacks
• Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity
theft, theft of service
• Systems generally first distinguish among users, to
determine who can do what
END OF LECTURE