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    Polymerization: Muhammad Faizan Nazar

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    Arshad
    The document discusses polymerization and polymers. It defines monomers as small molecules that combine to form polymer molecules, and polymerization as the process of linking repeating monomer units together into macromolecules. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization, where monomers add together without releasing molecules; and condensation polymerization, where monomers combine while releasing small molecules like water. Common examples of each polymerization type and resulting polymers are also provided.

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    Polymerization: Muhammad Faizan Nazar

    Uploaded by

    Arshad
    31 views22 pages
    The document discusses polymerization and polymers. It defines monomers as small molecules that combine to form polymer molecules, and polymerization as the process of linking repeating monomer units together into macromolecules. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization, where monomers add together without releasing molecules; and condensation polymerization, where monomers combine while releasing small molecules like water. Common examples of each polymerization type and resulting polymers are also provided.

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    Lecture 2 -polymerization

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    The document discusses polymerization and polymers. It defines monomers as small molecules that combine to form polymer molecules, and polymerization as the process of linking repeating monomer units together into macromolecules. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization, where monomers add together without releasing molecules; and condensation polymerization, where monomers combine while releasing small molecules like water. Common examples of each polymerization type and resulting polymers are also provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views22 pages

    Polymerization: Muhammad Faizan Nazar

    Uploaded by

    Arshad
    The document discusses polymerization and polymers. It defines monomers as small molecules that combine to form polymer molecules, and polymerization as the process of linking repeating monomer units together into macromolecules. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization, where monomers add together without releasing molecules; and condensation polymerization, where monomers combine while releasing small molecules like water. Common examples of each polymerization type and resulting polymers are also provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    POLYMERIZATION

    by

    Muhammad Faizan Nazar

    1
    Polymers and Polymerizations
    Polymers are macromolecules built up by the linking
    together of large numbers of much smaller molecules.
    The process of linking the repeating units is termed as
    polymerization .

    Introduction to Polymers 2
    Monomers

    The small molecules which combine with each other to


    form polymer molecules are termed monomers.

    Introduction to Polymers
    Introduction to Polymers 4
    How big are polymers?

    Ethylen Polyethylene
    e

    Let CH2-CH2 ≈ 1 inch

    This ends up with a chain of approximately 1/4 inch (6.4 mm)


    in diameter and 1/2 mile (805 m) long.

    Introduction to Polymers 5
    Classification of polymers
    depending on their structure
    Linear polymers

    Introduction to Polymers 6
    Classification of polymers
    depending on their structure
    Branched polymers

    Is it branched polymer?!!!

    Introduction to Polymers
    Linear polymer

    Linear
    polymerspolymer
    Branched

    Introduction to Polymers 8
    Classification of polymers depending
    on their structure

    other than their REPOROCESSED


    ends

    Introduction to Polymers 9
    Types ofpolymers &
    polymerizations
    Classification
    of Polymers

    Polymerizatio
    Polymer
    n Mechanis
    Structure
    m

    Condensatio Addition Step- Chain-


    n Polymers PolymerizatioPnolymerization
    Polymer
    s Introduction to Polymers 10
    Type of Polymerization
    Monomers undergo polymerizaton by two types. They
    are:
    • Addition or chain polymerization
    • Condensation or step polymerization

    Introduction to Polymers 11
    The addition-condensation system

    What are addition polymers?

    Addition polymers are those formed from monomers


    without the loss of a small molecule.

    Y Y

    Introduction to Polymers 12
    Polymer Structure

    The addition-condensation system

    Condensation polymers
    Polymers whose repeating units are joined together by
    functional units such as ester (-OCO-), amide (-
    NHCO-), urethane (-OCONH-), sulfide (-SO2-) and other
    linkages.

    -R-Z-R-Z-R-Z-R-Z-R-Z-

    R is aliphatic or aromatic grouping and Z is functional unit.


    Introduction to Polymers 13
    Polymer
    Structure
    The addition-condensation system

    The major addition polymers are those formed by


    polymerization of monomers containing carbon-carbon
    double bond; such monomers are called vinyl monomers
    or substituted ethylenes.

    Introduction to Polymers 14
    Addition polmerization
    Self addition of several bifunctional monomers to each
    ohter takes place by chain reaction without the
    elimination of any simple molecules.
    GENERAL REACTION:
    n [CH2=CH]  [-CH2-CH-]n
    | |

    Y
    Y
    Where Y=H,Ethylene,CH3,Propylene,Cl,
    Vinyl Chloride, C6H5, Sterene, CN , Acrylonitrile

    Introduction to Polymers 15
    – Addition polymerization is initiated by small qty
    of substance called Initiators.
    – E.g.-Zeigler-Natta catalyst, potassium persulphate ,
    dibenzoyl sulphat e.

    Introduction to Polymers 16
    Condensation polymerization

    • Self addition of several bifunctional monomer to each


    other takes place accompanying elimination of
    simple molecules like H2O,NH3 & HCL

    Introduction to Polymers 17
    E.g..
     Terylene is obtained by condensing terpthalic acid
    [HOOC-C6H4-COOH] with ethylene glycol
    [HO- C2H4-OH]
     Nylon is made by the condensation of adipic acid
    [HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH] with hexamethylene diamine
    [NH2-(CH2)6-NH2]

    Introduction to Polymers 18
    MECHANISM OF ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
    {FREE RADICLE REACTION MECHANISM}

     Free Radical Mechanism of chain reaction involves 3


    stages namely
    I. Initiation
    II. Propagation
    III. Termination

     SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
    [ R* - Free radical
    M* - Unsaturated Monomer]
    Introduction to Polymers 19
    • Generation of free radical :
    I  2R E.g. I 
    • CH2=CH2
    Initiation
    R + M : RM1
    • Propagation :
    RM1 + M  RM2
    RM2 +M
    RM( x – 1RM3
    ) + M  RM
    x RM( y – 1 ) + M 
    • RM y
    Termination :
    RM x + RM y  RM x
    + y (COUPLING)
    21
    Mechanism of addition
    polymerization of poly-ethylene

    Synthesis
    of poly-ethylene -(CH2-CH2)- nfrom
    Ethylene, CH2=CH2 using di-benzoyl peroxide
     (C6H5COO)2 as the indicator

     n CH2=CH2  -(CH2-CH2)- n
     (C6H5COO)2

     Generation of free radical


    (C H COO) 2C6H5COO 2CO2 + 2C6H5 or (R)
    6 5 2

    R + CH =CH2
    Initiation2 R-CH2-CH2
    In General : R-(CH2-CH2)X-CH2-
    CH2 2-CH2)Y-CH2-
    R-(CH
    Introduction to Polymers 21
    Termination
     By coupling (by the combination of two radicals)

    R-(CH2-CH2)X-CH2-CH2 + CH2-CH2-(CH2-CH2)Y-
    R

    R-(CH2-CH2)X-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-(CH2-CH2)Y-R
    By disproportionation
    R-(CH2-CH2)X-CH2-CH2 + R-(CH2-CH2)Y-CH2-CH2

    R(CH2CH2)X-CH2-CH3 + R(CH2CH2)Y-CH=CH2
    Introduction to Polymers 22

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