Circuit Theory

(ECEG-1081)

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Instructor: Awraris Getachew
 Chapter Three
Circuit Theorems
Outlines
 Motivation
 Linearity Property
Superposition
Source Transformation
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer

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 Motivation
If you are given the following circuit, are there
any other alternative(s) to determine the
voltage across 2W resistor?

3
Linearity Property
It is the property of an element describing a linear
relationship between cause and effect.
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or directly
proportional) to its input.
Homogeneity (scaling) property

v=iR → kv=kiR

Additive property

v1 = i1 R and v2 = i2 R
→ v = (i1 + i2) R = v1 + v2

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Cont’d…
A circuit is linear if it is both additive and homogeneous

A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or

directly proportional) to its input

 A linear circuit with input and output

 Thus, the power relation is nonlinear

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Cont’d…
Example 1
Assume Io = 1 A, use linearity to find the actual value of
Io in the circuit shown below.

Answer Io = 3A
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Superposition Theorem
It states that the voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear circuit is the
algebraic sum of the voltage across (or currents
through) that element due to EACH independent
source acting alone.
The principle of superposition helps us to analyze
a linear circuit with more than one independent
source by calculating the contribution of each
independent source separately.

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Cont’d…
We
   consider the effects of 8A and 20V one by
one, then add the two effects together for
final

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Cont’d…
Steps to apply superposition principle

1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find

the output (voltage or current) due to that active source
using nodal or mesh analysis.

2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.

3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the

contributions due to the independent sources.
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Cont’d…
Two things have to be keep in mind:

1.When we say turn off all other independent sources:

Independent voltage sources are replaced by 0V
(short circuit) and
Independent current sources are replaced by 0A
(open circuit).

2.Dependent sources are left intact because they are

controlled by circuit variables.

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Cont’d…
Example 2
Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit
shown below.
3A is discarded
by open-circuit

6V is discarded
by short-circuit

Answer v = 10V
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 Cont’d…
Example 3
Use superposition to
find vx in the circuit below.
2A is discarded by Dependent source
open-circuit 10V is discarded
keep unchanged
by open-circuit
20  v1 20  v2

+ 4 0.1v1
10 V  2A
4 0.1v2

(a) (b)
 Answer = 12.5V 12
Source Transformation
An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i
characteristics are identical with the original
circuit.
It is the process of replacing a voltage
source vS in series with a resistor R by a
current source iS in parallel with a resistor R,
or vice versa.

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Cont’d…
+ + •The arrow of the
.
current source is
directed toward
the positive
-
(a) Independent source transform
- terminal of the
voltage source.

+ + •The source
transformation is not
possible when R
= 0 for voltage
- - source and R = ∞
(b) Dependent source transform for current source.

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Cont’d…
Example 4
Find io in the circuit shown below using source
transformation

 Answer = 1.78A
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 Thevenin’s Theorem
It states that a linear two-terminal
circuit
.
(Fig. a) can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit (Fig. b) consisting
of a voltage source VTH in series with
a resistor RTH,

where
•  is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals.

• is the input or equivalent resistance at the Fig. Replacing a linear two-

terminals when the independent sources terminal circuit by its Thevenin
are turned off. equivalent: (a) original
circuit, (b) the Thevenin
equivalent circuit.

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 Thevenin’s Theorem…

In
  finding the Thevenin resistance , we need to consider two
cases
 Case 1: If the network has no dependent sources, we turn off all
independent sources. is the input resistance of the network
looking between terminals a and b
 Case 2 If the network has dependent sources, we turn off all
independent sources. We apply a voltage source at terminals a
and b and determine the resulting current . Then

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Thevenin’s Theorem…
As per the Thevenin’s theorem A large circuit may be
replaced by a single independent voltage source and a
single resistor.

A circuit with a load: (a) original circuit, (b) Thevenin’s equivalent.

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Thevenin’s Theorem
Example 5
.
6 6
Using Thevenin’s theorem,
find the equivalent circuit to
the left of the terminals in 4 RTh

the circuit shown below.

Hence find i. (a)

6

+
2A 6 4 VTh
2A


(b)

Answer VTH = 6V, RTH = 3W, i = 1.5A 19

 Thevenin’s Theorem…
5 Ix 3 a
Example 6
. +
Find the Thevenin equivalent 6V
+
 i1
i2 VTh
4 
circuit of the circuit shown 1.5Ix
below to the left of the i1 i2

terminals. o
b
(a)

0.5Ix 3 Ix a
i

5 1.5Ix 4 + 1V


(b)
b

Answer VTH = 5.33V, RTH = 0.44W 20

Norton’s Theorem
It
. states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
of a current source IN in parallel with a
resistor RN,

Where

• IN is the short circuit current through

the terminals.

• RN is the input or equivalent resistance

at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.

The Thevenin’s and Norton equivalent circuits are

related by a source transformation.
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Norton’s Theorem…
• Thevenin
   and Norton resistances are equal:

Fig. Finding Norton current IN

Dependent and independent sources are treated the
same way as in Thevenin’s theorem

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Norton’s Theorem…
To
   determine the Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit
requires that we find:
• The open-circuit voltage across terminals a and b.
• The short-circuit current at terminals a and b.
• The equivalent or input resistance at terminals a and b
when all independent sources are turned off

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Norton’s Theorem
Example 7 2vx
. + 
i

Find the Norton equivalent + +

vx vx +
circuit of the circuit shown 
6
ix
2
 1V 
below.
(a)

2vx

+ 
+
vx Isc
6 10 A 2


(b)

Answer, RN = 1W, IN = 10A. 24

Maximum Power Transfer
If the entire circuit is replaced by
its
. Thevenin equivalent except for
the load, the power delivered to
the load is:
2
 VTh 
P  i 2 RL    RL
R
 Th  R L 

For maximum power dissipated

in RL, Pmax, for a given RTH,
and VTH,
2
V
RL  RTH  Pmax  Th
4 RL The power transfer profile with
different RL
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 Maximum Power Transfer
Example 8
.
Determine the value of RL that will
draw the maximum power from
the rest of the circuit shown below.
Calculate the maximum power.

vx 4 vx 4
+  v0 + 

i
Fig. a
2 2
+
1 1
VTh
=> To determine RTH
+ 1V + 9V io

+
 
+
Fig. b
 
3vx 3vx
=> To determine VTH

(a) (b)
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Thank
You!!!
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