INTRODUCTION TO

FLOWCHARTING

1
 WHAT IS A START

FLOWCHART? Display message

“How many
hours did you
work?”

• A FLOWCHART IS A Read Hours

DIAGRAM THAT Display message

“How much do
DEPICTS THE “ FLOW” you get paid per
hour?”
OF A PROGRAM.
• THE FIGURE SHOWN Read PayRate

HERE IS A FLOWCHART Multiply Hours

by PayRate.
FOR THE PAY- Store result in
GrossPay.
CALCULATING
PROGRAM SHOWN IN Display
GrossPay
PROGRAM 1-1. 2
END
BASIC FLOWCHART START Terminal

SYMBOLS Display message

“How many
hours did you
work?”

• TERMINALS Read Hours

• REPRESENTED BY Display message

“How much do
you get paid per
ROUNDED hour?”

RECTANGLES Read PayRate

• INDICATE A
Multiply Hours
STARTING OR by PayRate.
START Store result in
GrossPay.
ENDING POINT
Display
GrossPay

END Terminal
END
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BASIC FLOWCHART START

SYMBOLS Display message

“How many
hours did you
work?”

• INPUT/OUTPUT Read Hours

OPERATIONS Display message

“How much do Input/Output
you get paid per
Operation
• REPRESENTED BY hour?”

PARALLELOGRAMS Read PayRate

• INDICATE AN INPUT Multiply Hours

by PayRate.
OR OUTPUT Store result in
GrossPay.
OPERATION
Display message
“How many Display

Read Hours GrossPay

hours did you
4
work?” END
BASIC FLOWCHART START

SYMBOLS Display message

“How many
hours did you
work?”

• PROCESSES Read Hours

• REPRESENTED BY Display message

“How much do
you get paid per
RECTANGLES hour?”

• INDICATES A PROCESS Read PayRate

SUCH AS A
Multiply Hours
MATHEMATICAL Process
by PayRate.
Store result in
GrossPay.
COMPUTATION OR
Multiply Hours
VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT Display
by PayRate. GrossPay

Store result in 5
END
GrossPay.
 FOUR FLOWCHART STRUCTURES

• SEQUENCE
• DECISION
• REPETITION
• CASE

6
 SEQUENCE STRUCTURE

• A SERIES OF ACTIONS ARE

PERFORMED IN SEQUENCE
• THE PAY-CALCULATING
EXAMPLE WAS A SEQUENCE
FLOWCHART.

7
 DECISION STRUCTURE

• THE FLOWCHART SEGMENT BELOW SHOWS HOW A DECISION

STRUCTURE IS EXPRESSED IN C++ AS AN IF/ELSE STATEMENT.

Flowchart C++ Code

NO YES if (x < y)
x < y? a = x * 2;
else
Calculate a Calculate a a = x + y;
as x plus y. as x times 2.

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 DECISION STRUCTURE

• THE FLOWCHART SEGMENT BELOW SHOWS A DECISION STRUCTURE WITH

ONLY ONE ACTION TO PERFORM. IT IS EXPRESSED AS AN IF STATEMENT IN C+
+ CODE.

Flowchart C++ Code

NO YES if (x < y)
x < y? a = x * 2;

Calculate a
as x times 2.

9
 REPETITION STRUCTURE

• THE FLOWCHART SEGMENT BELOW SHOWS A REPETITION

STRUCTURE EXPRESSED IN C++ AS A WHILE LOOP.

Flowchart C++ Code

while (x < y)

YES x++;
x < y? Add 1 to x

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 CONTROLLING A REPETITION
STRUCTURE
• THE ACTION PERFORMED BY A REPETITION
STRUCTURE MUST EVENTUALLY CAUSE THE
LOOP TO TERMINATE. OTHERWISE, AN
INFINITE LOOP IS CREATED.
• IN THIS FLOWCHART SEGMENT, X IS NEVER
CHANGED. ONCE THE LOOP STARTS, IT WILL YES
NEVER END. x < y? Display x
• QUESTION: HOW CAN THIS
FLOWCHART BE MODIFIED SO
IT IS NO LONGER AN INFINITE
LOOP?

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 CONTROLLING A REPETITION
STRUCTURE

• ANSWER: BY ADDING AN ACTION WITHIN THE

REPETITION THAT CHANGES THE VALUE OF X.

YES
x < y? Display x Add 1 to x

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 CASE STRUCTURE

If years_employed = 2, If years_employed = 3,
bonus is set to 200 bonus is set to 400
If years_employed = 1, If years_employed is
CASE
bonus is set to 100 years_employed any other value, bonus
is set to 800

1 2 3 Other

bonus = 100 bonus = 200 bonus = 400 bonus = 800

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 CONNECTORS

•The “A” connector

indicates that the second START A

flowchart segment begins

where the first segment
ends.

END
A

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 MODULES
START
•The position of the module
symbol indicates the point the Read Input.
module is executed.
•A separate flowchart can be Call calc_pay
function.
constructed for the module.
Display results.

END

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 COMBINING STRUCTURES

• THIS NO YES
x > min?
FLOWCHART
SEGMENT
Display “x is NO YES
SHOWS TWO outside the limits.”
x < max?
DECISION
STRUCTURES
Display “x is Display “x is
COMBINED. outside the limits.” within limits.”

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 REVIEW

• WHAT DO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS REPRESENT?

17
(Answer on next slide)
 ANSWER

• WHAT DO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS REPRESENT?

Decision
Terminal

Input/Output
Operation Connector

Process Module
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 REVIEW

• NAME THE FOUR FLOWCHART STRUCTURES.

19
(Answer on next slide)
 ANSWER

• SEQUENCE
• DECISION
• REPETITION
• CASE

20
 Review

• WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE IS THIS?

21
(Answer on next slide)
 ANSWER

• REPETITION

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 Review

• WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE IS THIS?

23
(Answer on next slide)
 ANSWER

• SEQUENCE

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 Review

• WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE IS THIS?

25
(Answer on next slide)
 ANSWER

• CASE

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 Review

• WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTURE IS THIS?

27
(Answer on next slide)
 ANSWER

• DECISION

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