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Scheduling and Control of Fms

This document discusses scheduling strategies for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It notes that FMS scheduling is a difficult problem due to the complex nature of the systems. The document outlines several approaches to FMS scheduling, including mathematical programming, multiple criteria decision making, heuristics, control theory, simulation, and artificial intelligence. It also discusses considerations for FMS scheduling such as alternative operations, economic factors, and comparisons of different heuristics.

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Abhishek Chadaga
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193 views22 pages

Scheduling and Control of Fms

This document discusses scheduling strategies for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It notes that FMS scheduling is a difficult problem due to the complex nature of the systems. The document outlines several approaches to FMS scheduling, including mathematical programming, multiple criteria decision making, heuristics, control theory, simulation, and artificial intelligence. It also discusses considerations for FMS scheduling such as alternative operations, economic factors, and comparisons of different heuristics.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Chadaga
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Scheduling and Control of Flexible

Manufacturing Systems

Prepared by:
Bopanna.K.D

Under the guidance of


Dr. G.Thangamani
Professor

Department Of Mechanical Engineering,


Sir M.Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology, Bangalore
INTRODUCTION

• Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are


distinguished by the use of computer control
in place of the hard automation usually found
in transfer lines
• FMS provide significant advantages, including
reduced work-in-process inventory, reduced
throughput time, improved quality, and
increased machine utilization
ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT
PROBLEMS ARISING IN FLEXIBLE
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS IS
SCHEDULING PROBLEM.
• It May Be :
• Fabrication
• Assembly
• Machining
FMS PERFORMANCE STRONGLY
DEPENDS ON THE SCHEDULING
STRATEGIES USED.
• FMS scheduling problems are known to be hard
and generally involve a large number of machines
and part types.

• In addition, searching for an optimal schedule in a


dynamic system, such as an FMS, may not be
practical since it is too time-consuming to provide a
quick response to real-time events.
OVERALL FMS PROBLEM ARE
STRUCTURED AS :
• Aggregate Scheduling Problem
Upper Level Problem

• Real Time Scheduling


Lower Level Problem
OVERALL SCHEDULING OBJECTIVES
OF THE FMS
• meet due dates,
• minimize work-in-process (WIP) inventory,
• minimize the average flow time of orders through
the system,
• achieve high machine and worker time utilization,
etc.
• balance the assigned machine processing times.
• balance the workload per machine for a system of
groups of pooled machines of equal sizes.
DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS OF
OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
Methodology

MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING
APPROACH

• To manage the complexity of the problem, the FMS


operation problem have divided into two sub problems:
• preproduction setup
• production operation.
AFTER THIS PREPARATORY PLANNING
PHASE, THE REMAINING PROBLEMS ARE
CALLED OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
• 1) Part type selection problem.

• 2) Machine grouping problem.

• 3) Production ratio problem.

• 4) Resource allocation problem.

• 5) Loading problem.
MULTIPLE-CRITERIA DECISION
MAKING APPROACH

• meeting production requirements,

• balancing of machine utilization,

• minimization of throughput time of parts.


HEURISTICS ORIENTED APPROACH

In the scheduling context, they report on three part


sequencing situations:

• Initial entry of parts into an empty system,

• General entry of parts into a loaded system,

• Allocation of parts to machines within the system


(dispatching rules)
CONTROL THEORETIC APPROACH

• A closed loop formulation of the FMS scheduling problem

• The closed loop control policy is tailored for a dedicated FMS producing a
particular part mix.

• The tooling of the FMS, buffer capacity and other constraints are not
considered. It is assumed that the input of a part is a sufficient control
decision, and the (alternate) routing, possible deadlocks, blocking, etc.
need not be considered.

• Further, the possible effect of long total processing times of parts in the
FMS on the feedback loop is ignored
SIMULATION BASED APPROACH

• Recently some have presented discrete event


simulation as a scheduling tool.

• Basically, simulation is proposed as a tool to evaluate


the dispatching rules.

• The simulation model is initialized to the exact


current state of the factory. The dispatching rules are
then tested on this model.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED
APPROACH

• Artificial intelligence (ai) appears to be particularly suited to solving


operation problems of FMS -problems involving A large search
space, and where human expertise can find reasonable solutions
pretty fast. Many researchers have sought to utilize this similarity.
• So far, two techniques of ai have found use in the fms literature:
• Expert systems and planning.

• A nonlinear planning algorithm


HIERARCHICAL APPROACH

•  Since an FMS has to achieve multiple performance


objectives, a monolithic scheduling algorithm would
be complex even if it is capable of addressing all
objectives.
• It is achieved by the controllers at different levels of
the hierarchical architecture, namely
– the shop level, and
– the cell level.
• The shop level controller employs a combined
priority rule to rank shop orders considering multiple
scheduling objectives.
FMS SCHEDULING CONSIDERATIONS
 
SINGLE RULE VERSUS MIXED RULES
• Since no single rule consistently outperforms all other
rules, they use the mixed dispatching rule (MDR)
approach in FMS scheduling by mixing four rules:
next-in next out, shortest processing time (SPT),
largest slack first, and first-in first-out
• Due to the interchangeability of machines, a part can
have several alternative operations. To avoid long
queues, an alternative operation may be used, often
performed by machines of lesser capabilities
SCHEDULING WITH MULTIPLE TASKS AND
ALTERNATIVE OPERATIONS

• Fixed priorities (FP) heuristic:


The pair with the highest priority value will be processed
first
• Least reduction in entropy heuristic:
First, the processing operation of a part with the
minimum flexibility is chosen because it has the fewest
choices on machines
• Minimum flow resistance heuristic:
Priority should be given to simple heuristics that are easy
to understand and implement, such as FP (for which SPT
is a special case).
ECONOMIC FACTORS IN FMS
SCHEDULING

• First-come-first-serve (FCFS): This rule does not consider due


dates.
• Earliest due date (EDD): This rule assumes all orders have the
same tardiness cost.
• Slack per Remaining Processing Time (S/RPT): This rule is
derived from minimum slack(MSLACK) rule.
• Weighted Shortest Processing Time (WSPT): As is well known,
the SPT rule provides for single machine scheduling the minimum
mean flow time, which is equivalent to minimizing mean lateness
• Weighted Cost OVER Time (COVERT): With a look-ahead
dynamic feature, it considers the expected waiting time for a
remaining operation.
• Apparent Tardiness Cost (ATC): Also a dynamic rule, the ATC
follows an exponential function of slack that involves a look-ahead
parameter measured in units of average
COMPARISON OF HEURISTICS

• The combined index rule with consideration of


multiple parameters of system outperforms SPT and
EDD rule in terms of objective function values per
order. Here in we can observe that SPT as a priority
index does reduce mean flow time of the system.
However, since the FMS is not a single-objective
manufacturing system, reducing mean flow time does
not necessarily benefit the entire system. The EDD
system does not consider the efficiency of the system
CONCLUSIONS

• FMS scheduling is a difficult problem to solve


optimally due to the complex nature of the system.
• By using well-designed heuristics, it can be rendered
tractable. In facing the scheduling problem of FMS,
we should notice that FMS is multi-objective,
hierarchical manufacturing system with a number of
manufacturing cells. Thus, it is important to consider
these features when designing an FMS schedule

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