Big Picture!

Describe the types of loads commonly

Be able to review the basic concept of
encountered in the design of structures and
equilibrium of structures under the action of
to understand the basic concepts of load
forces and to develop the analysis of
estimation which include dead loads, live
reactions exerted by supports on plane
loads, environmental loads and earthquake
structures subjected to coplanar force
loads.
systems.

Be able to present the analysis of internal

forces and moments that may develop in
beams, and the members of plane frames and
construct shear and bending moment
diagrams.
 Introduction

The objective of a structural engineer is to:

design a structure that will be able to withstand all the loads to which it is subjected while
serving its intended purpose throughout its intended life span.

In designing a structure, an engineer must, therefore, consider all the loads that can
realistically be expected to act on the structure during its planned life span.
 Types of Load
A. Dead Loads

are gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act permanently on the
structure.

Example:
• Self-Weight (weight of structural elements, beams, slab,
etc.)
• Super-imposed loads (roofs, ceilings, walls, stairways,
heating and air-conditioning systems, plumbing, electrical
systems)
 Types of Load
B. Live Loads

are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use of the structure.

Example:

• Occupants (persons, movable pieces of equipment unique to the space)

Minimum floor live loads for some common

types of buildings are given in Table 1.2.
For a comprehensive list of live loads,
concentrated loads, and reduction in live
loads, you may refer to the National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
(NSCP 2015).
 Types of Load
C. Impact

When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses than those
that would have been applied gradually. The dynamic effect of the load that causes this
increase in stress in the structure is referred to as impact.

D. Wind Loads

Wind loads are produced by the flow of wind around the structure. The magnitudes of
wind loads that may act on a structure depend on the geographical location of the
structure, obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings, and the
geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the structure itself.
 Types of Load
E. Snow Loads

The design snow load for a structure is based on the ground snow load for its geographical
location, which can be obtained from building codes or meteorological data for that region.
As for the Philippines, snow loads is neglected in the design process.

F. Earthquake Loads

An earthquake is a sudden undulation of a portion of the earth’s surface. Although the

ground surface moves in both horizontal and vertical directions during an earthquake, the
magnitude of the vertical component of ground motion is usually small and does not have a
significant effect on most structures.
 Types of Load
G. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures

Structures used to retain water, such as dams and tanks, as well as coastal structures
partially or fully submerged in water must be designed to resist hydrostatic pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure acts normal to the submerged surface of the structure, with its
magnitude varying linearly with height.

H. Thermal and Other Effects

Statically indeterminate structures may be subjected to stresses due to temperature

changes, shrinkage of material, fabrication errors, and differential settlements of supports.
Although these effects are usually not addressed in building codes, they may cause
significant stresses in structures ad should ne considered in their designs.
 Types of Load
I. Load Combinations

As stated previously, once the magnitudes of the design loads for a structure have been
estimated, an engineer must consider all loads that might act simultaneously on the
structure at a given time. It is important to realize that the structure must be designed to
have adequate strength to resist the most unfavorable of all the load combinations.
 Structural Systems

• Girder is the main load-carrying element of the floor whereas the,

• Beams are smaller elements having a shorter span and connected to the girders.

• A column is a vertical structural member intended to transfer a compressive load. For example, a
column might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from a beam, to a floor or foundations.
Loading Distribution
Loading Distribution
Tributary Loading

When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or

roofs are supported by a structural frame, it is
necessary to determine how the load on these
surfaces is transmitted to the various
structural elements used for their support.
There are generally two ways in which this can
be done.
Tributary Loading
Tributary Loading
LOAD COMPUTATION for beam CD:
 Uniformly Distributed = ft

 Uniformly Distributed =

∑ 𝑀 𝐷 =0;𝐶 𝑦 ( 10) −500

 
( 10 )(5 )=0
𝑫 =𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐥𝐛
 𝑪 𝒚 =𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛  
𝒚
Tributary Loading
LOAD COMPUTATION for beam AB:
 Uniformly Distributed =

 Uniformly Distributed =

  𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚
 

∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0; 𝐴 𝑦𝑨( 10=𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎

 
) −250 ( 10 )( 5 ) =0
 
𝒚 𝐥𝐛
𝑩 𝒚 =𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐥𝐛
 
Tributary Loading
LOAD COMPUTATION for beam EF:
 Uniformly Distributed =

 Uniformly Distributed =

𝑬𝒚
  𝑭𝒚
 

∑ 𝑀 𝐹 =0; 𝐸 𝑦𝑬( 10=𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎

 
) −250 ( 10 )( 5 )=0
 
𝒚 𝐥𝐛
𝑭 𝒚 =𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐥𝐛
 
Tributary Loading
LOAD COMPUTATION for beam AE:

  𝑨𝒚  𝑬𝒚

∑ 𝑀 𝐸=0;𝐴 𝑦 ( 10𝑨) −1250

 

 
( 10 ) −2500 ( 5 )=0
=𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛
𝒚
𝑬 𝒚 =𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛
 
Tributary Loading
LOAD COMPUTATION for beam BF:

𝑩𝒚
  𝑭𝒚
 

∑ 𝑀 𝐹=0;𝐵 𝑦 (10𝑩)−1250
 

 
( 10 ) −2500 ( 5 )=0
=𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛
𝒚
𝑭 𝒚 =𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛
 
 Tributary Loading
One – Way System   𝐿2  𝑳𝟐 → 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
>2  𝑳𝟏 → 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐿1
 Tributary Loading
Two – Way System
  𝐿2  𝑳𝟐 → 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
≤2  𝑳𝟏 → 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐿1
  𝐈𝐟 𝐿2= 𝐿1 :
 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 =100 lb2 ( 5 ft ) =𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛 / 𝐟𝐭
ft
 Tributary Loading
Two – Way System
  𝐿2  𝑳𝟐 → 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
≤2  𝑳𝟏 → 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐿1
 
 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝 =100 lb2 ( 5 ft )=𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐥𝐛 / 𝐟𝐭
ft
 Example
The floor of a classroom is to be supported by the bar joists
shown in . Each joist is 15 ft long and they are spaced 2.5 ft on
centers. The floor itself is to be made from lightweight concrete
that is 4 in. thick. Neglect the weight of the joists and the
corrugated metal deck, and determine the reaction at both sides
of the joist.
•  Pressure due to lightweight concrete: 32 lb/
 
• Live load for a classroom : 40 lb/ 𝒋𝒐
𝒊𝒔
𝒕
15
f t

ft
5
2.
 Example
Solution:
Thus:
Determine if one-way slab or two – way slab:

 𝐿2 = 15 >6 → one − way slab

𝐿1 2.5

Compute the Deadload:  

Compute the Liveload:  
lb
 
180
ft
∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0𝐶𝑊+¿¿
 

 𝐴 𝑦 ( 15 ) −180 ( 15 ) ( 7.5 )=0

 𝐴 𝑦 =𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝑙𝑏

∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝐶𝑊 +¿¿
 
𝐵
  𝑦 ( 15 ) −180 ( 15 ) ( 7.5 ) =0
𝐵
  𝑦 =𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝑙𝑏
 Example
The
  flat roof of the steel-frame building shown in the photo is
intended to support a total load of 2 kN/over its surface.
Determine the roof load within region ABCD that is
transmitted to beam BC. The dimensions are shown.

Framing Plan
 Example
Solution: Thus:
𝐿2 5 Loading for beam BC. (left of BC only)
  = > 1.25=→ two − way slab
𝐿1 4

 Total Load to be carried is = 2 kN/

Compute the Deadload:  

 Example
The
  concrete girders shown in the photo of the passenger
car parking garage span 30 ft and are 15 ft on center. If
the floor slab is 5 in. thick and made of reinforced stone
concrete, and the specified live load is 50 , determine the
distributed load the floor system transmits to each
interior girder.

  𝑨  𝑩
 Example
Solution: Thus:
𝐿2 30 Loading for beam AB.
  = =2=→ two − way slab
𝐿1 15
 Total Pressure: 150

Compute Uniformly Load:( 112.5 lb / ft

2
) 15 ft =843.75 lb / ft
( )
2

∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0𝐶𝑊+¿¿
 

 𝐴 𝑦 ( 30 ) −1687.5 ( 15 ) 15 +7.5 − 1 ( 1687.5 ) (7.5 ) 7.5 +22.5 − 1 (1687.5 )( 7.5 ) 2 (7.5) =0

(2 ) 2 (3 ) 2 (3 )
 𝑨 𝒚 =𝟏𝟖 , 𝟗𝟖𝟒 . 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒍𝒃
∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝑊+¿¿
 

15 1 7.5 1 2
  𝑦 ( 30 ) −1687.5 ( 15 )
𝐵 ( 2 ) (
+7.5 − ( 1687.5 ) ( 7.5 )
2 3 ) ( )
+22.5 − ( 1687.5 ) ( 7.5 ) (7.5) =0
2 3
𝑩
  𝒚 =𝟏𝟖 , 𝟗𝟖𝟒 .𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃
 Equilibrium Of Structures
Recall from Statics:

∑ 𝐹 𝑋=0 ∑ 𝐹𝑌 =0 ∑ 𝐹𝑍 =0
     

∑ 𝑀 𝑋=0 ∑ 𝑀 𝑌 =0 ∑ 𝑀 𝑍=0
     

The principal load-carrying portions of most structures, however, lie in a single plane,
and since the loads are also coplanar, the above requirements for equilibrium reduce to:

∑ 𝐹 𝑋=0
 

∑ 𝐹𝑌 =0
 

∑ 𝑀 𝑂=0
 
 Types of Supports
The three types of joints most often specified are the:
• pin connection
• the roller support, and the
• fixed joint.
Example:
 Types of Supports
Example:
 Types of Supports
Example:
Supports for Coplanar Structures
Supports for Coplanar Structures
Supports for Coplanar Structures
 Determinacy and Stability

Determinacy. The equilibrium equations provide both the

necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.

𝒓=𝟑
  𝒏 (statically determinate beam)
𝒓  >𝟑 𝒏 (statically indeterminate beam)
degree
  of indeterminacy , 𝒅=𝒓 − 𝟑 𝒏

 Where = force and moment reaction components

  = parts

  the structure is statically unstable externally

the structure is statically determinate externally
the structure is statically indeterminate externally
 Example

Classify each of the beams shown in the

figure as statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically indeterminate,
report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to
external loadings that are assumed to be
known and can act anywhere on the beams.
 Example
Solution: degree of indeterminacy , 𝒅=𝒓 − 𝟑 𝒏
 

𝑹𝒙
 

𝑹𝒚
  𝑹𝒚
 

𝒓=3;
  𝒏=1 → 𝑑=3 −3 ( 1 ) =0  𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞

 𝑴
𝑹𝒙
 

𝑹𝒚
   𝑹𝒚  𝑹𝒚
𝒓=5;
  𝒏=1 → 𝑑=5 −3 ( 1 ) =2 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞
Solution: Example

𝒓=6
  ; 𝒏=2→ 𝑑 =6 −3 ( 2 )=0  𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝒓=10;
  𝒏=3 → 𝑑=10 −3 ( 3 )=1 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞
 Example

Classify each of the pin-connected

structures shown as statically determinate
or statically indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of
degrees of indeterminacy.
 Example
Solution:

𝒓=7
  ; 𝒏=2 → 𝑑=7 − 3 ( 2 )=1 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞

𝒓=9
  ; 𝒏=3 → 𝑑 =9 −3 ( 3 ) =0 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞
 Example
Solution:

𝒓=10;
  𝒏=2 → 𝑑=10 −3 ( 2 ) =6 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞
 Example

Classify each of the frames shown as

statically determinate or statically
indeterminate. If statically
indeterminate, report the number of
degrees of indeterminacy. The frames
are subjected to external loadings that
are assumed to be known and can act
anywhere on the frames.
 Example
Solution:

𝒓=9
  ; 𝒏=2→ 𝑑 =9 −3 ( 2 )= 3 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞
 Example
Solution:

𝒓=18;
  𝒏=2 → 𝑑=18 −3 ( 4 ) =9 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞
 Example
Solution:

𝒓=18;
  𝒏=4 → 𝑑=18 −3 ( 4 )=6

𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
  𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐱𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞
 Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
Steps:

• Disassemble the structure and draw a free-body diagram of each member. Also, it may
be convenient to supplement a member free-body diagram with a free-body diagram of
the entire structure.

• Recall that reactive forces common to two members act with equal magnitudes but
opposite directions on the respective freebody diagrams of the members.

• All two-force members should be identified. These members, regardless of their shape,
have no external loads on them, and therefore their free-body diagrams are represented
with equal
but opposite collinear forces acting on their ends.

• In many cases it is possible to tell by inspection the proper arrowhead sense of

direction of an unknown force or couple moment; however, if this seems difficult, the
directional sense can
be assumed.
 Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
 Equations of Equilibrium

• Count the total number of unknowns to make sure that an equivalent number of
equilibrium equations can be written for solution. Except for two-force members, recall
that in general three equilibrium equations can be written for each member.

• Many times, the solution for the unknowns will be straightforward if the moment
equation is applied about a point (O) that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of
as many unknown forces as possible.

• When applying the force equations and orient the x and y axes along lines that will
provide the simplest reduction of the forces into their x and y components.

• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative magnitude for an unknown
force or couple moment, it indicates that its arrowhead sense of direction is opposite to
that which was assumed on the free-body diagram.
 Example

Determine the reactions on the beam

shown.
 Example
Solution:
• Free - Body Diagram:

• Equations of Equilibrium:

∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿¿
 
∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝐶𝑊 +¿¿
 

 𝐴 𝑥 − 60 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 °=0 𝐵
  𝑦 ( 14 ) +60 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 ° ( 1 ) − 60 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° ( 10 ) −50=0

 𝐴 𝑥 − 60 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 °=0 𝑩
  𝒚 =𝟑𝟖 . 𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬

 𝑨 𝒙 =𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬
 Example
Solution:
• Free - Body Diagram:

• Equations of Equilibrium:

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿¿
 

 𝐴 𝑦 + 𝐵 𝑦 −60 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 °=0

 𝐴 𝑦 +38.54 − 60 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60° =0

 𝑨 𝒚 =𝟏𝟑 . 𝟒𝟐 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬
 Example

Determine the reactions on the beam.

 Example
Solution:
• Free - Body Diagram: • Equations of Equilibrium:

∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿¿
 

 𝑨 𝒙 =𝟎

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿¿
 

 𝐴 𝑦 −60 − 60=0
 𝑨 𝒚 =𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵

∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝑊+¿¿
 

−
  𝑀 𝐴 − 60 ( 4 ) − 60 ( 6 )= 0
 𝑴 𝑨 =𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

 
 Example

Determine the reactions on the beam.

 Example  
Solution:
• Free - Body Diagram: • Equations of Equilibrium:

∑ 𝑴 𝑨=𝟎𝑪𝑪𝑾 +¿¿
 

  4 3
𝑁𝐵 ( )
5
( 4)+ 𝑁 𝐵
5()
( 10 ) − 3,500 ( 3.5 )=0

∑ 𝑭 𝒚=𝟎↑+¿¿
 

  3
𝐴𝑦 + 𝑁 𝐵 ()
5
−3,500=0

  3
𝐴 𝑦 +1331.522 ()
5
−3,500=0

 𝑨 𝒚 =𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟗𝐥𝐛
 Example
Solution:
• Free - Body Diagram: • Equations of Equilibrium:

∑ 𝑭 𝒙=𝟎→+¿¿
 

  4
𝐴𝑥 − 𝑁𝐵 ()
5
=0

  4
𝐴 𝑥 −1331. 522 ( ) 5
=0

 𝑨 𝒙 =𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟓 . 𝟐𝟐𝐥𝐛
 Example

The compound beam in the figure is fixed at A.

Determine the reactions at A, B, and C. Assume
that the connection at B is a pin and C is a
roller.
 Example
Solution:
 Example
Solution:

• For segment BC:

∑ 𝑀 𝐶 =0𝐶𝐶𝑊+¿
 
∑ 𝐹 𝑌 =0↑+¿
 

 
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

 
 

   
 𝑪 𝒀 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
 Example
Solution:

• For segment AB:

∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝐶𝑊 +¿
 
∑ 𝐹𝑌 =0↑+¿
 

 
∑ 𝐴𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

  −𝐵 =0
  𝑋 𝑋

      𝐴 𝑋 − 0= 0

   𝑨𝒀 =𝟕 , 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃  
 Example

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of

reaction at the pins A, B, and C of the two-member
frame shown.
 Example
Solution:

 
 Example
Solution:

• For segment BC:

∑ 𝑀 𝐶 =0𝐶𝐶𝑊+¿
 

 𝑩 𝒀 =𝟑 𝐤𝐍

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿
 

 
 
 𝑪 𝒀 =𝟑 𝐤𝐍
 Example
Solution:

• For segment AB:

∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝐶𝑊 +¿
 

 
 
 𝑩 𝑿 =𝟏𝟒 . 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍

∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

 
∑ 𝐹𝑌 =0↑+¿
 
 

  4
  𝐴𝑌 − 3− 8 ( )
5
=0
  𝑨 𝑿 = 𝟗 . 𝟖𝟕 𝐤𝐍   𝑨𝒀 = 𝟗 . 𝟒 𝐤𝐍
 Example
Solution:

• For segment BC:

∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

𝑪
  𝑿 =𝟏𝟒 . 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍
 Example

Determine the reactions at the

support for the frame shown in the
figure.
 Example  𝟏
( 𝟑
𝒌𝑵
)
( 𝟗 𝒎 ) =𝟏𝟑 .𝟓 𝐤𝐍
Solution: 𝟐 𝒎
 
  kN
( 2
m )
( 9 𝑚 )=𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿
 
 
( 𝟐
kN
)
( 15 𝑚 )=𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍
  m
 

∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

𝐴 𝑥 +30 =0
 
 𝑨 𝒙 =−𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍 =𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍 ←
 Example  𝟏
( 𝟑
𝒌𝑵
)
( 𝟗 𝒎 ) =𝟏𝟑 .𝟓 𝐤𝐍
Solution: 𝟐 𝒎

 
∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝑊+¿
   
( 2
kN
m )
( 9 𝑚 )=𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐍

 𝑴 𝑨 =𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦 𝐂𝐂𝐖
  kN
∑ 𝐹 𝑋=0→+¿
  ( 𝟐
m )
( 15 𝑚 )=𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍

 
 𝑨 𝑿 =− 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 =𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ←

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿
 

 
  𝑨 𝒚 =𝟑𝟏 . 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑
 Example

Determine the reactions at the

supports for the frame shown in
below.

 𝑩

 𝑪

  𝑨
 Example
Solution:

 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑫𝑬𝑹 𝑾𝑯𝑶𝑳𝑬 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑼𝑪𝑻𝑼𝑹𝑬 :

 𝑩
 

 𝑪 𝑿
 𝑪

𝑨𝑿  𝑪 𝒚
    𝑨
  𝑨𝒚

 
∑ 𝑀 𝐶 =0𝐶𝑊+¿
 

 𝟒𝟎 𝑨 𝒚 −𝟏𝟎 𝑨 𝑿 =𝟏 , 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐄𝐪 .𝟏

 Example
Solution:
3 k/ft
 𝑩 𝑿

 
∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0𝐶𝑊+¿
 

 𝑩 𝒀

 𝟐𝟎 𝑨 𝒚 −𝟑𝟎 𝑨 𝑿 =𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐄𝐪 .𝟐

 40 𝐴 𝑦 −10 𝐴 𝑋 =1,900 Eq .1
 20 𝐴 𝑦 −30 𝐴 𝑋 =600 Eq .2
  𝑨𝑿
 𝑨 𝒚 =𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬↑ ; 𝑨 𝒙 =𝟏𝟒 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬→
  𝑨𝒚

∑ 𝐹𝑌 =0+↑
 

 
∑ 𝐹 𝑋=0+→
 

 
   
 𝑩 𝒚 =𝟗 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑  
 Example
Solution:

∑ 𝐹 𝑌 =0↑+¿
 
 𝑩 𝑿
  𝐶 − 𝐵 − 3 (20)=0
𝑦 𝑦
 𝐶 𝑦 − 9 −60=0  𝑩 𝒀
 𝑪 𝒚 =𝟔𝟗 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑
 𝑪 𝑿
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

  𝐵 −𝐶 𝑋 𝑋 =0  𝑪 𝒀
 3 9 −𝐶𝑋 =0
 𝑪 𝑿 = 𝟑𝟗 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ←
 Example

The side of the building in the

figure is subjected to a wind
loading that creates a uniform
normal pressure of 15 kPa on the
windward side and a suction
pressure of 5 kPa on the leeward
side. Determine the horizontal and
vertical components of reaction at
the pin connections A, B and C of
the supporting gable arch.
 Example  20
Solution:
 

45
  ° 45
  °

 60
45°
  45°
 
𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
  𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
60
  20
 
  𝑨𝒙  𝑪 𝒙

  𝑨𝒚  𝑪 𝒚
 Example
Solution:

Consider the entire frame shown:

∑ 𝑀 𝐴=0𝐶𝐶𝑊 +¿
 

𝐶𝑦(6)+84.85𝑠𝑖𝑛45°(4.5)−84𝑪.85𝑐𝑜𝑠 4=𝟐𝟒𝟎
5°(4.5)−254.56(𝐤𝐍
𝑠𝑖𝑛45°)(1↑.5)−254.56(𝑐𝑜𝑠 45°)(4.5)−180(1.5)−60(1.5)=0
 

  𝒚

∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿
 

 
 

  𝑨 𝒚 =𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍 ↓
 Example
Solution:

∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0𝐶𝐶𝑊 +¿
 

 𝑨 𝒙 =𝟐𝟖𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ←
∑ 𝐹 𝑥=0→+¿
 

  ∑ 𝐹 𝑦=0↑+¿
 

 
 
 
 𝑩 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ←
 𝑩 𝒚 =𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐍 ↑
 Example
Solution:

∑ 𝑀 𝐵=0𝐶𝑊+¿
 

 𝑪 𝒙 =𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐍 ←