PENGOLAHAN AIR BOILER

Oleh : PT. BEHN MEYER KIMIA

Water Treatment Department
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TUJUAN

 Mencegah kerak

 Mencegah karat

 Menghindari terjadinya proses

carry over

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Bagaimana
mencapainya ?

-Pengolahan luar
Dengan : clarifier, sand filter, Demin
sistem, deaerator, economizer, dll.

-Pengolahan dalam
Pengolahan secara kimiawi

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Filtrasi
Filter Media
 Activated Carbon
 Anthracite
 Manganese Green
sand
 etc

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 PENCEGAHAN
KERAK PADA
BOILER
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JENIS KERAK

 Ca++ + 2HCO3-  CaCO3 + CO2 

 Ca++ + SO4=  CaSO4
 Ca++ + SiO3=  CaSiO3
 Mg++ + 2HCO3-  Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2

 Mg++ + SiO3=  MgSiO3

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DAYA HANTAR PANAS
Thermal Conductivity (K)
Material BTU/F2/Hour/oF/Inch
Boiler Materials
Boiler Steel 310
Insulating Brick 0.7
Scales
Calcium Carbonate 16
Calcium Silicate 8
Calcium Sulfate 16
Magnesium Phosphate 15
Silicate Scale, Porous 0.6
Sludges
Calcium Hydroxyapatite 18
Serpentine 17
Iron Oxide
Magnetic Iron Oxide (Magnetite) 20

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Permasalahan kerak
Penyebab :

* Presipitasi unsur “hardness”

- Calcium dan Magnesium mengendap
temperatur tinggi
* Perlekatan
* Akumulasi produk korosi
* Kandungan Bicarbonat
* Tingkat kejenuhan Silika yang terlampaui

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Permasalahan Kerak
Akibat :

* Reduced efficiency.
* Increased chemical
treatment costs.
* Tube failures likely
due to insulating
effect.
* Under deposit
corrosion possible.

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Thermal Conductivity of
Clean Tube
Scales On Boiler Tubes Surface

Surface temperature
630 F
Scale thickness
0.024 inches

Surface temperature
1004 F

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Boiler Scale Impedes Heat
Transfer
To Stack
Water
BTUs

Boiler Metal

Boiler Metal
BTUs
Scale

BTUs

BTUs Steam

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 Crystal Lattice
CO3
CO3

Ca Ca Ca

CO3 CO3

Ca CO3
Ca Ca

CO3
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Crystal Growth Blocked
CO3 CO3

Ca Ca Ca

CO3 CO3
CO3
Ca
Ca Ca

CO3

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 Crystal Growth Distorted
CO3 CO3

Ca Ca Ca

CO3 CO3

Ca
Ca Ca

CO3

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Proses penyatuan partikel

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Proses dispersi

- - - - -
- -
-
- - - -
- -

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 Synthetic Polymers
* Long chain of repeating
monomer units, typically of
anionic charge.
* Distort scale crystal structure.
* Inhibit scale growth.
* Disperse scale particles.

Example:
Polyacrylate,
Polymethacrylate, Untreated Treated
Acrylamide/Acrylate.

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Sequestering Agents
Highly effective on corrosion products
Threshold inhibition

Dispersion at higher dosages

Industry standard for iron control

Hydrothermally stable versions

Solubilize Iron in Water

Prevent Iron Deposition

Disperse Suspended Iron

Example: Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonate

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Metode pencegahan
kerak
* Program presipitasi
- carbonate cycle
- tannin and lignin
- alkaline “conventional” phosphate
* Program pelarutan
- chelant
- organic adjuncts
- all polymer
- combination approaches 19
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 Oxygen
Corrosion
and Control
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Permasalahan karat
Penyebab :

 Oksigen terlarut di
feed water
 Karbon Dioksida
Yang terbentuk dari
Alkalinitas.
 Kerak

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Corrosion-
Preboiler Section
 Deaerator
 Feedwater
heaters
 Feedwater pump
 Economizer
 Piping

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Karat – dalam Boiler

Pitting
 At or above water

line
 Steam separators

 Tubes and other

internals
 Generating tubes

rupture

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Karat – Setelah Boiler

Pitting
 Steam/condensate

lines
 Traps

 Condensers

 Heat exchangers

 Condensate

receivers

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Permasalahan Karat
Akibat :

 Karat pada deaerator,

feed water line, feed
pump, economizer, dll.
 Karat pitting pada
steam phase dan pipa
Boiler.
 Shutdown yang tiba-
tiba
 Memperpendek masa
pakai peralatan.

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Boiler Corrosion Problems
Effects

• Transportation of
corrosion products to
boiler
• Equipment damage
• Steam losses
• Lost production
• Repair and labor costs

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Metode untuk mengurangi
potensi Karat

 Memperbaiki efisiensi Deaerator

 Menjaga kandungan oxygen

scavenger dalam air Boiler

 Menjaga pH & OH alkalinity

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Bahan kimia
Pengikat Oksigen

Nonvolatile Scavengers Volatile Scavengers

Sodium (Bi-)Sulfite Hydrazine
Sodium Erythorbate Carbohydrazide
Hydroquinone
Diethylhydroxylamine
Methylethylketoxime

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Bahan kimia
Pengikat Oksigen

- Catalyzed Sodium Sulfite

2Na2SO3 + O2 --->2 Na2SO4
- Catalyzed Hydrazine
N2H4 + O2 ---> N2 + 2 H2O
- Specialty Oxygen Scavengers
(DEHA, Hydroquinone, Erythorbate,
Carbohydrazide, etc)
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Steam Return Line
Corrosion Control

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Karat pada paska Boiler

Penyebab :
 Alkalinitas
 Reaksi kimia
 2HCO3- + Heat  CO3-2+CO2+H2O
 CO3-2 + H2O + Heat  2OH-+CO2
 CO2 +H2O  H2CO3
 Degradasi bahan kimia pada tekanan tinggi

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Metode Mengurangi
Karat paska Boiler
 Kontrol Total alkalinitas feed water.
 Menggunakan Neutralizing amines
untuk menaikkan pH kondensat.
 Menggunakan filming amines
untuk membentuk film.

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Carryover

 Carryover - Entrainment of boiler

solids in steam
 Priming - Slugs of boiler water in
steam
 Foaming - Filling of steam space
with foam

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Carryover
Penyebab mekanis

 Steam separator kurang baik.

 Level air terlalu tinggi.
 Over load.
 Fluktuasi tekanan yang
mendadak.

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TERIMA KASIH

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