Mathematics

Elementary Mathematics

Azfar Javaid
Elementary

Lecturer Computer Science &

BBA/BSCS
Zero Semester Course
Video Lecture 01

EMAAN INSTITUTE
of Management & Sciences
Chartered by Govt. of Sindh, Recognized by HEC
Elementary Mathematics

Course Outline
1. Number Systems & SETS
2. System of Real Numbers, Exponents & Radicals
3. Concepts of Logarithm
4. Algebraic Expressions
5. Factorization, HCF, LCM, Simplification & Square Roots
6. Elimination
Elementary Mathematics
Number Systems & SETS
 
Classification of Numbers:
1. Set of Natural Numbers
Denoted by N
2. Set of Whole Numbers
Denoted by W
3. Set of Integers
Denoted by Z
4. Set of Positive Prime Numbers
Denoted by P
5. Set of Even Numbers
Denoted by E
6. Set of Odd Numbers
Denoted by O
Elementary Mathematics
Number Systems & SETS

 
Classification of Numbers:
7. Set of Rational Number
Denoted by Q
8. Set of Irrational Numbers
Denoted by Q’
Only a few Irrational numbers are known so far:
Ex., PI (π) = 3.141592653589… , Euler’s Number (e’) = 2.71828182845…
The Square Root of 2 () = 1.414213562… ,
The Golden Ratio (φ) = 1.61803398…
9. Set of Real Numbers
Denoted by R
Elementary Mathematics
SETS

A set is a group or collection of objects or numbers, considered as an entity unto itself. Sets are usually
symbolized by uppercase, italicized, boldface letters such as A, B, S, or Z. Each object or number in a set is
called a member or element of the set
 
If a, b, c are elements of a set A, we write :
A = {a, b, c} // This is called Tabular Form.

Still there is another way to specify a set A where elements possess a certain property or properties.
For example :
A =
It is read as "A is the set of all x such that x is an odd integer". //This is known as Set Builder Form.
The number of elements in a set A is written as n(A) or |A|
If A = {a, b, c},
then n (A) = 3 = |A|.
Elementary Mathematics
SETS

 
NULL Set or Empty Set
A set with no element is called the null set or the empty set. This is usually denoted by or { }
Example:
 
Finite Set
A set is called finite if it consists of a specific and finite number of elements.
Example:
 
Infinite Set
A set which is not finite is called an infinite set.
Example:
 
Equal Sets
Two sets are said to be equal if and only if they have the same elements, regardless of their arrangements.
Example: elements.
We write A= B, if A and B are equal
Elementary Mathematics
SETS

 
Equivalent Sets
If number of elements of two sets are equal even if their elements are not same, then they are said to be
equivalent sets.
Example: are equivalent sets and can be written as AB

 
Disjoint Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if they do not have any element in common.
Example: clearly, A and B do not have any element in common and thus are disjoint sets.

 
Overlapping Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be overlapping, if they contain at least one element in common.
Example: here, the two sets contain at least one common element.
Elementary Mathematics
SETS

 
Subsets
If A and B are two sets, and every element of set A is also an element of set B, then A is called a subset of B
and we write it as or
The symbol stands for ‘is a subset of’
• Every set is a subset of itself, i.e., and
• Empty set is a subset of every set
• means A is a subset of B or A is contained in B
• means B contains A
Example: since, all the elements of set A are contained in set B, and B has one more element than A, thus A
is a subset of B and B is not a subset of A.

Moreover, if , then they are equal sets.

 
Super Sets
Whenever a set A is a subset of set B, we say B is a superset of A and we write it as,
The symbol stands for ‘is a superset of’. We can use the example as mentioned earlier.
Elementary Mathematics
SETS
Operations on SETS
When two or more sets combine together to form one set under the given condition, then operations on
sets are carried out.
Here we shall discuss five operations on SETS:
• Union of Sets
• Intersection of Sets
• Difference of Sets
• Complement of the Sets
• Cartesian Product of Sets
Elementary Mathematics
SETS
 
Union of Sets
Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the element of both the sets. The resultant set
is denoted by the symbol
Example:
Therefore, this resultant set contains all the elements from both of the sets without any
repetition.

 
Properties of the operation of Union
1. Commutative Law
2. Associative Law
3. Law of identity element
4. Law of Universal set
Elementary Mathematics
SETS
 
Intersection of Sets
Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the element that are common to both the
sets. The resultant set is denoted by the symbol
Example:
Therefore, this resultant set contains all the elements that are common to both the sets.

 
Properties of the operation of Union
1. Commutative Law
2. Associative Law
3. Law of
4. Law of Universal set
 
Properties of the operation of Union & Intersections together
1. Distributive Law
2. Distributive Law
Elementary Mathematics
SETS
 
Difference of Sets
If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A – B or B – A.
A – B means elements of A which are not the elements of B.
Example:
Therefore, means elements of A which are not the elements of B, i.e.,

 
Complement of Sets
In complement of a set if U be the universal set and A a subset of U, then the complement of A is the set of
all elements of U, which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we denote the complement of A with respect to U as A’
Example:
Here we observe that, 2, 4, 5, 6 are the only elements of U which do not belong to A
Therefore,
Note: The complement of a universal set is an empty set. Similarly, The complement of an empty set is a
universal set. And for any set, the set and its complement are disjoint sets.
End of lecture 01

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