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Unit I. Section A - Research Process

This document outlines the research process in 8 steps: formulating a research problem, conceptualizing a research design, constructing a data collection instrument, selecting a sample, writing a proposal, collecting data, processing and displaying data, and writing a report. It discusses each step and includes definitions and examples of key concepts.

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Temphel Lhendup
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18 views9 pages

Unit I. Section A - Research Process

This document outlines the research process in 8 steps: formulating a research problem, conceptualizing a research design, constructing a data collection instrument, selecting a sample, writing a proposal, collecting data, processing and displaying data, and writing a report. It discusses each step and includes definitions and examples of key concepts.

Uploaded by

Temphel Lhendup
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit I.

Section A: Research Process


Meaning and concept:
 Search for knowledge? Research: Re-search
The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search. The dictionary
defines the former as a prefix meaning again, anew or over again and the latter
as a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe.
Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or
principles (Grinnell 1993)
Unit I. Section A: Research Process
 The creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and
creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies, inventions and
understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to
the extent that it is new and creative” (State of Australian University Research
2015–16)
 According to Clifford Woody, research comprises defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully
testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
Unit I. Section A: Research Process
Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge
making for its advancement.
It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and
experiment.
 A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
 Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.
 Research process - series of actions or steps involved in carrying out research (in
pursuit of new knowledge).
Unit I. Section A: Research Process (Source: Ranjit Kumar, p.23))
The research process: an eight-step model
Phase I: deciding what to research
Step I: formulating a research problem
Phase II : planning a research study
Step II: conceptualizing a research design
Step III: constructing an instrument for data collection
Step IV: selecting a sample
Step V: writing a research proposal
Phase III: conducting a research study
Step VI: collecting data
Step VII: processing and displaying data
Step VIII: writing a research report
Unit I. Section A: Research Process (Source: Ranjit Kumar, p.23)
Phase I: deciding what to research
Step I: formulating a research problem – research question (areas to be
investigated/issues to be investigated – what? – topic)
Phase II : planning a research study
Step II: conceptualizing a research design – (How do find out answers to the
research question)
• Identifying gaps - exploration and description of what is not known
• Sets out the specific details of your enquiry – measurement procedure,
sampling strategy, framework of analysis, timeframe etc.
• Ensure that it is valid, workable and manageable
Unit I. Section A: Research Process (Source: Ranjit Kumar, p.23)
Step III: constructing an instrument for data collection
• ‘Research tool’ or a ‘research instrument’ – anything that becomes a means of
collecting information, e.g. observation forms, interview schedules,
questionnaires etc.
Step IV: Selecting a sample: Accuracy of research findings and sample size
 Proportionate representation/appropriate sample size
 Absence of bias
 Probability of non-probability sampling
Step V: writing a research proposal:
 It tells a reader about research problem and planning
 Details operational plan for obtaining answers to your research questions
Unit I. Section A: Research Process (Source: Ranjit Kumar)
an introduction, including a brief literature review;
theoretical framework that underpins your study;
conceptual framework which constitutes the basis of your study;
objectives or research questions of your study;
hypotheses to be tested, if applicable;
study design that you are proposing to adopt;
setting for your study;
research instrument(s) you are planning to use;
sampling design and sample size;
ethical issues involved and how you propose to deal with them;
data processing procedures;
proposed chapters of the report;
problems and limitations of the study;
proposed time-frame for the project.
Unit I. Section A: Research Process (Source: Ranjit Kumar)
Phase III: conducting a research study
Step VI: collecting data:
Primary data or secondary data
Primary:
Observation method (participant observation)
Interview: Personal interview or through telephone interview
Survey:
Collection through questionnaires and schedules:
Unit I. Section A: Research Process (Source: Ranjit Kumar)
• Step VII: processing and displaying data
Qualitative–quantitative distinction
Qualitative: Data transcription
Quantitative: data screening, validation, coding, entry and analysis, data
outputs and presentation.

Step VIII: writing a research report


This report informs the world what you have done, discovered and what
conclusions you have drawn from your findings.

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