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LEARNING

The document discusses different theories of learning including behavioral learning theories, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and connectionism. It provides details on concepts like unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, primary reinforcement, positive and negative punishment.

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KRISTER ANN JIMENEZ
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21 views23 pages

LEARNING

The document discusses different theories of learning including behavioral learning theories, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and connectionism. It provides details on concepts like unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, primary reinforcement, positive and negative punishment.

Uploaded by

KRISTER ANN JIMENEZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEARNING

 Is a process by which behavior is either modified or wholly


changed through experience or training.
 It is an ongoing process of continued adaptation to our
environment, assimilation of new information and
accommodation of new input to fit prior knowledge.
LEARNING THEORIES
 They are sets of conjectures and hypotheses that explain the
process of learning or how learning takes place.
 
1. Behavioral Learning Theories or Associative
Learning Theories

 Prefer to concentrate on actual behavior


 Conclusions based on observations of external manifestations
of learning.
a. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING – Ivan Pavlov

 Classical means “in the established manner”


 Believes that individual learns when a previously neutral stimulus is
paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus
evokes a conditioned response.
 It includes the following:
 1. Stimulus Generalization

 A process by which the conditioned response transfer to another stimuli that


are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
 2. Discrimination
 A process by which one learns not to respond to similar stimuli in
an identical manner because of a previous experiences
 3. Extinction
 The process by which a conditioned response is lost.
ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING:
 1. Unconditioned Response
 Automatically produces an emotional or physiological response
 2. Unconditioned Response
 Natural occurring emotional or physiological response
 3. Neutral Stimuli
 Stimuli that does not elicit a response
 4. Conditioned Stimuli
 Evokes an emotional or physiological response after being
conditioned
 5. Conditioned Response
 Learned response to a previously neutral condition
b. BF SKINNER REINFORCEMENT AND
OPERANT CONDITIONING

 Stresses the consequence of behavior in order to learn


 Proved that reinforcement is a powerful tool in shaping and
controlling behavior in and out of the classroom
 Type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn
rewards or avoid punishment
 REINFORCEMENT
 Defined as any behavioral consequences that strengthens behavior
 Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it
follows
 Reinforcement is always good!!!!!
 
 PUNISHMENT
 Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior it
follows
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT:
1. Positive reinforcement

 Strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus that you like


after a response
 Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by
following it with a desirable event or state
 The subject receives something they want
 Will strengthen the behavior
2. Negative reinforcement

 Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive


stimulus
 Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by
following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state
 Something the subject doesn’t like is removed
 Will strengthen the behavior
 PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT
 Something that is naturally satisfying
 The item is reinforcing in and of itself

 SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT
 something that a person has LEARNED to value or finds rewarding
because it is paired or associated with a primary reinforce
Classifications of reinforcements:

 A. Verbal – praise, encouragement


 B. Physical – touch, pat, hug
 C. Non-verbal – smile, wink, warm look
 D. Activity- being allowed to play games, listen to music
 E. Token- points, chips, stars
 F. Consumable- cookies, candies
TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
 An undesirable event following a behavior
 Behavior ends a desirable event or state
 Its effect is opposite that of reinforcement – it decreases the
frequency of behavior
 POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: (punishment by application)
 Something is added to the environment you DO not like

 NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: (punishment by removal)


 Something is taken away that you DO like
 Lose a privilege
TWO FORMS OF PUNISHMENT:

 1. Behavior is followed by an undesirable event.

 2. Behavior ends a desirable event or state.


c. EDWARD THRONDIKES’S
CONNECTIONISM/ASSOCIATIONISM

 Puts more emphasis on the response of the organism and not


limiting himself to the association between the stimulus and
the response
ANY ACTIVITY IS SEEN AS:

 1. A situation which influences or affects the individual


 2. A response which the individual makes to the situation
 3. Connection between the situation and the response
 CONNECTIONISM
 Views learning as a process of putting together units to
form total experiences and complex forms of behavior
3 MAJOR LAWS OF LEARNING:

 1. Law of Effect
 2. Law of exercise
 3. Law of readiness

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