CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS
METHODS

Topic 3
 Motivation (1)

If you are given the following circuit, how can we

determine (1) the voltage across each resistor, (2)
current through each resistor. (3) power generated
by each current source, etc.

What are the things which we need to know in

order to determine the answers?
 Motivation (2)

Things we need to know in solving any

resistive circuit with current and voltage
sources only:
• Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Laws (KVL)
• Ohm’s Law

How should we apply these laws to

determine the answers?
• There are four ways of solving
simultaneous equations:
1.Cramer’s rule
2.Calculator (real numbers only)
3.Normal substitution and elimination
(not more than two equations)
4.Computer program packages:
mathcad, maple, mathematica etc.
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS

• Node-Voltage method
• Mesh-current method
• Source transformation
• Thevenin equivalent circuit
• Norton equivalent circuit
• Maximum power transfer
• Superposition principle
 INTRODUCTION OF NODE-
VOLTAGE METHOD
(NODAL ANALYSIS)
• In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding
the node voltage.
• Assume that circuits do no contain voltage
sources.
• Use KCL.
• Important step: select one of the node as
reference node
• Then define the node voltage in the circuit
diagram.
 NODAL ANALYSIS

-V1+

-V2+
-V1+

-V2+

STEP 1: Select a node as reference node and assign V1 and

V2 to the remaining nodes
STEP 2:Apply KCL at each node in the circuit. Use Ohm’s
Law to express the branch currents in term of node voltage.
STEP 3: Solve the resulting simultaneous equation to obtain
unknown node voltage
**If we need the currents, we can calculate from the values of
nodal voltage
At node 1, applying KCL:
I1  I 2  i2  i1

-V1+

-V2+
At node 2, applying KCL:
I 2  i2  i3
Applying Ohm’s Law to express the unknown
current i1, i2 and i3 in term of node voltage
Vhigher  Vlower
i
R
 V1  0 V1  V2
i1  i2 
R1 R2

-V1+

-V2+
V2  0
i3 
R3
Substituting in equation at node 1
I1  I 2  i2  i1

V1  V2 V1
I1  I 2  
R2 R1
Substituting in equation at node 2
I 2  i2  i3
V1  V2 V2
I2  
R2 R3
 Nodal voltage example 1
At node 1, applying KCL:

i1  i3  i2

10  V1 V1  0
i1  i2 
6 12

i3  1[ A] Substituting in equation at node 1

10  V1 V1
1 
6 12
 Nodal voltage example 1

V1  20[V ] xxx

10  V1
i1   0.667 A
6

V1  0
i2   1.667 A
12
 Applying Nodal Analysis on
Circuit with Voltage Sources

• Three different effects depending on

placement of voltage source in the
circuit.
• Does the presence of a voltage
source complicate or simplify the
analysis?
 Case 1: Voltage source between two
non-reference essential nodes.

Vs

Nonreference Nonreference
essential node V1 V2 essential node

Supernode
Equation: Vs  V1  V2
Case 2: Voltage source between a
reference essential node and a non-
reference essential node.

Vs
Nonreference Reference
essential node V1 0V essential node

Known node voltage:

V1  Vs
Case 3: Voltage source between an
essential node and a non-essential
node.

Vs
Nonreference
essential node V1 Va

Non-essential
node

Node voltage at
non-essential node: Va  V1  Vs
 Node-voltage example 2
Obtain V1 and V2
• In the diagram,
node 3 is define as
reference node and
node 1 and 2 as
node voltage V1 and
V2.
•The node-voltage equation for node 1 is,
i1  i3  i4
V2  V1 V1  10 V1  0
i1  i3  i4 
2 1 5
 i1  i3  i4
V2  V1 V1  10 V1
 
2 1 5

Rearrange the node – voltage equation for node 1

V1  10 V1 V1  V2
0  
1 5 2
•The node-voltage
equation for node 2 is,

I1  i1  i2
V2  V1 V2  0 V2  V1 V2
i1  i2 
2 10 2 
2 10
Rearrange the node – voltage equation for node 2
V2  V1 V2
0  2
2 10
• Solving for V1 and V2 yields

100
V1   9.09V
11
120
V2   10.91V
11
EXERCISE
Obtain the node
voltage in the circuit

Ans: V1= -2V V2= -14V

 THE NODE-VOLTAGE METHOD
AND DEPENDENT SOURCES

• If the circuit contains dependent

sources, the node-voltage
equations must be supplemented
with the constraint equation
imposed by the presence of the
dependent sources.
 example…
Use the node-voltage method to find the power
dissipated in the 5Ω resistor.
 solution…

LOOK
CAREFULLY

• The circuit has 3 node.

• Thus there must be 2 node-voltage equation.
• Summing the currents away from node 1
generates the equation,

V1  20 V1 V1  V2
  0
2 20 5
 solution…

• Summing the current at node 2 yields,

V1  V2 V2 V2  8 i
 
5 10 2
• As written, these two equations contain
three unknowns namely V1, V2 and iØ.
• To eliminate iØ, express the current in
terms of node-voltage,
V1  V2
i 
5
• Substituting this relationship into
the node 2 equation,

0.75V1  0.2 V2  10
V1  1.6 V2  0
• Solving for V1 and V2 gives,

V1  16V V2  10V
 • Then,

16  10 p   i  R  1.44 5
2
i   1.2 A
5  7.2W
 EXERCISE
Find the voltage at
the three
nonreference nodes
in the circuit below

Ans: V1=80V V2=-64V

V3=156V
 SPECIAL CASE

• When a voltage source is the

only element between two
essential nodes, the node-
voltage method is simplified.
Example…
• There is three essential nodes, so
two simultaneous equation are
needed.
• Only one unknown node voltage, V2
where as V1=100V.
• Therefore, only a single node-
voltage equation is needed which is
at node 2.
 V2  V1 V2
 5  0
10 50
Using V1 =100V, thus V2=125V.
 SUPERNODE
• When a voltage source is between two
essential nodes, those nodes can be
combine to form a supernode (voltage
source is assume as open circuit).
• Apply both KCL and KVL to determine
the node-voltage
 Supernode

Node 2 and 3 form a supernode

Step to determine node voltage:

•Apply KCL at supernode
•Apply KVL at supernode
•Solve resulting simultaneous equation
KCL at supernode:

i1  i4  i2  i3
V1  V2 V1  V3 V2  0 V3  0
  
2 4 8 6
KVL at supernode:
To apply KVL at supernode, reduce the circuit.

 V2  5  V3  0
 Supernode Example 1
Determine the nodal voltages in Figure using the
concept of a super node.
 Solution

• KCL at supernode
ientering node   ileaving node

i1  i2  i3  i4
V1 V2
6  4
4 2
V1  2V2  8...........(1)
Solution

• KVL at supernode
V rises   Vdrop

 V1  12  V2  0

V1 V2  12...........(2)

V1  10.67[V ] V2  1.333[V ]
I 2  2.67[ A] I 2  0.667[ A]
Supernode example 2
• Nodes chosen,
• Node-voltage equation for node 2 and 3,
V2  V1 V2
  i  0..........at node 2
5 50
V3
 i  4.......at node 3
100
• Summing both equation,
V2  V1 V2 V 3
  4  0
5 50 100

Above equation can be generates

directly using supernode approach
• Equation at node 2 and 3;
V2  V1 V2 V 3
  40
5 50 100

22V2  20V1 V 3 400

• From circuit V1=50V
22V2 V 3 1400........(1)
Supernod
• Starting with resistor 50Ω branch
and moving counterclockwise
around the supernode,

 V2  10i  V3  0
• Using V1 =50V and V3 as a function
of V2,
V3  V2  10 i
V2  50
i 
5
  V2  50 
V3  V2  10 
 5 

V3  3V2  100........(2)
• Substituted into the node-voltage
equation,
22V2  3V2  100  1400
V2 (25)  1500
V2  60V
• Using V2 value, gives
60  50
i   2A
5
V3  3V2  100

V3  60(3)  100  80V

 EXERCISE
Find V and i Ans: V= -0.2 V i= 1.4A
 EXERCISE 1

Obtain V1 and V2

Ans: V1=0V V2=12V

 EXERCISE 2

• Obtain Vo

Ans: V0=20V
 EXERCISE 3

• Using nodal analysis, determine Vo

Ix

Ans: V0=-8.3333V
 EXERCISE 4

Using nodal analysis find Vo

Ans: V0=20V
 EXERCISE 5

Apply nodal analysis to find io

Ans: i0=29.45A
 EXERCISE 6

Determine voltages V1 through V3

Ans: V1=18.8571V V2= 6.2857V V3= 13V

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS

• Node-Voltage method
• Mesh-current method
• Source transformation
• Thevenin equivalent circuit
• Norton equivalent circuit
• Maximum power transfer
• Superposition principle
 INTRODUCTION OF MESH- CURRENT
METHOD (MESH ANALYSIS )
• A mesh is a loop with no loop inside it.

abefa
mesh abcdefa Not a mesh
bcdeb
• In mesh analysis,
we are interested to
find the mesh
current in a given
circuit.
• A mesh current is the current that exist only
in the perimeter of a mesh.
• Mesh-current method use KVL to generates
equation for each mesh.
Steps to determine mesh current:

STEP 1: Assign mesh current – i1, i2,…..in

STEP 2: Apply KVL to each of n meshes. Use

Ohm’s law to express voltage in term of mesh
current

STEP 3: Solve the resulting simultaneous

equation
STEP 1: Assign mesh current i1, i2
STEP 2: Apply KVL to each of n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to
express voltage in term of mesh current
For mesh 1

 V1  i1 R1  R3 (i1  i2 )  0
 Or

( R1  R3 )i1  i2 R3  V1
For mesh 2

i2 R2  V2  R3 (i2  i1 )  0
Or

 i1 R3  ( R2  R3 )i2  V2
STEP 3: Solve the resulting simultaneous equation
( R1  R3 )i1  i2 R3  V1 Mesh 1

 i1 R3  ( R2  R3 )i2  V2 Mesh 2

Putting both equation in matrix form

 R1  R3  R3   i1   V1 
 R     
 3 R2  R3  i2   V2 
• Solving for i1 and i2, and you
can compute any voltages
or powers of interest.
 EXAMPLE 1
Find i1 and i2 using mesh analysis
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1

For mesh 1
 15  5i1  10(i1  i2 )  10  0
or
15i1  10i2  5
3i1  2i2  1
For mesh 2
 10  10(i2  i1 )  6i2  4i2  0

20i2  10i1  10 2i2  i1  1

 SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1

Using substitution method, solve both equation of

mesh 1 and mesh 2
3i1  2i2  1 Mesh 1

2i2  i1  1 Mesh 2

i1  1A
i2  1A
 Example 2
Calculate the V1 using mesh current method.
 Solution Example 2

 40  2i1  8(i1  i2 )  0..........(1)

8(i2  i1 )  6i2  6(i2  i3 )  0......(2)
6(i3  i2 )  4i3  20  0.......(3)
 Solution Example 2
10i1  8i2  40..........(4)
 8i1  20i2  6i3  0.......(5)
MATH!!
 6i2  10i3  20......(6)

i1  5.6[ A]
i2  2.0[ A] V1  8(i1  i2 )
 8(5.6  2.0)  28.8[V ]
i3  0.80[ A]
 EXERCISE
Calculate mesh current i1 and i2 in the circuit
below

Ans: i1=2/3 A i2=0A

 When a Current Source
exist ONLY in one Mesh
• current of that mesh = current source

i2  5 A
• Write a mesh equation for the other mesh in the
usual way
 THE MESH-CURRENT METHOD
AND DEPENDENT SOURCES

• If the circuit contains dependent

sources, the mesh-current
equations must be supplemented
by the appropriate constraint
equations.
 Example dependent sources…

• Use the mesh-current method to determine

the power dissipated in the 4Ω resistor.
Solution dependent sources…
 Solution dependent sources…

For mesh 1
 50  5(i1  i2 )  20(i1  i3 )  0
For mesh 2
5(i2  i1 )  i2  4(i2  i3 )  0
For mesh 3
20(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  15i  0
 Solution dependent sources…

But

i  i1  i3

Substituting into the mesh-current equation 3

20(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  15i  0
20(i3  i1 )  4(i3  i2 )  15(i1  i3 )  0
 5i1  4i2  9i3  0
 Solution dependent sources…

50  25i1  5i2  20i3

0  5i1  10i2  4i3
0  5i1  4i2  9i3
Solve the equation for mesh 1, mesh 2 and mesh 3
using substitution method or cramer’s rule
i1  29.6 A
i2  26 A
i3  28 A
 Solution dependent sources…

• Power dissipated by 4Ω resistor is

p  i R  (i3  i2 ) R
2 2

 (28  26) 4
2

 16W
 SPECIAL CASE
(SUPERMESH)

• When a branch includes a

current source, the mesh-current
method can be simplified.
• To create a supermesh, remove
the current source from the
circuit by simply avoiding the
branch when writing the mesh-
current equations.
Supermesh equation,
 100  3 ia  ib   2 ic  ib   50  4ic  6ia  0

Simplify the equation,

50  9ia  5ib  6ic

• Mesh 2 equation,
0  3 ib  ia   10ib  2 ib  ic 

0  15ib  3ia  2ic

• From the circuit,

ic  ia  5
ic –ia= 5A
• Using Cramer rule or substitution method, the
three mesh current can be obtain.
ia  1.75 A
ib  1.25 A
ic  6.75 A
 EXERCISE 1
• Determine the mesh current i1 and i2

Ans: i1=0.8A i2=-0.9A

 EXERCISE 2
• Apply mesh analysis to find i

Ans: i1=0.3291A i2=-1.0256A i3=0.1624A i=1.188A

 EXERCISE 3
• Use mesh analysis to obtain io

Ans: iO=-1.7334A
 EXERCISE 4

• Apply mesh analysis to the circuit and

obtain Io

Ans: iO= -1.45A

 EXERCISE 5

• Use mesh analysis to find i1, i2, i3 and vo .

Ans: i1= 3.5A i2=-0.5A i3=2.5A vo=8V

 Source transformation

Note: The arrow of the current source is

directed toward the positive terminal of the
voltage source
Example…
 • Source transformation procedure

From To method
Use,

R p  Rs
Vs
Is 
Rs
 Source transformation

Note: The arrow of the current source is

directed toward the positive terminal of the
voltage source
From To method
Use,

Vs  I s R p
Rs  R p
 EXAMPLE

Vs  is R p  4(3)  12V Vs 12
is    4A
Rs 3
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS

• Node-Voltage method
• Mesh-current method
• Source transformation
• Thevenin equivalent circuit
• Norton equivalent circuit
• Maximum power transfer
• Superposition principle
 THEVENIN EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
• Thevenin’s theoram states that a linear two-
terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit.
• Thevenin equivalent circuit consist of an
independent voltage source, VTh in series with
a resistor RTh.

Original circuit Thevenin equivalent circuit

Thevenin equivalent circuit

RTh
a

VTh


b
• Thevenin voltage, VTh = open circuit
voltage in the original circuit.
• Thevenin resistance, RTh is the ratio of
open-circuit voltage to the short-circuit
current.

VTh VTh
isc  R Th 
RTh isc
 Example…

5 4
a
 

25V  20 3A V1 Vab
 b
• Step 1: node-voltage equation for
open-circuit:

V1  25 V1
 3  0
5 20
V1  32V  VTh
• Step 2: short-circuit condition at terminal
a-b

5 4 a


25V  20 3A V2 I sc

b
• Node-voltage equation for short-
circuit:
V2  25 V2 V2
 3  0
5 20 4
V2  16V
Short-circuit current:
16
I sc   4A
4
Thevenin resistance:
VTh 32
RTh    8
I sc 4
Thevenin equivalent circuit

8
a

32V 

b
 EXAMPLE
Using Thevenin theoram, find the equivalent circuit to
the left of the terminals in the circuit in circuit below.
Then find I
To find RTH
Voltage source, 12 V Short circuit
Current source 2A Open circuit

RTH   6  6  // 4
12  4
RTH   3
12  4
To find VTH
Supermesh equation At circuit
 12  6i1  6i2  4i2  0 i2  i1  2
6i1  10i2  12
i1  0.5 A
Solve equation i2  1.5 A
VTH is equal to voltage at 4Ω
resistor

VTH  i2  4  1.5  4  6V
Thevenin equivalent circuit

VTH
I
RTH  1
6
I  1.5 A
3 1
 EXAMPLE
• Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the
circuit
• Since there is no independent sources, value of
VTH = 0V
• You will only have to find RTH
• STEP1: Excite the circuit with either a 1V
voltage source or a 1A current source
• STEP2: Find Vo or Io
• STEP3:
Vo  1A  RTH Io 
1V
RTH
• STEP1: Excite the circuit with either a 1V voltage
source or a 1A current source
• STEP2: Find Vo or Io
• Using mesh analysis,
5i1  10i1  4v x  15(i1  i2 )  0
• From circuit,
• v x  5i1 and i2  1A

• Substitute in to equation at loop1

5i1  10i1  4(5i1 )  15i1  15(1)  0
10i1  15 i1  1.5 A
 Vo  (i1  i2 )(15)
Vo  [1.5  (1)](15)  7.5V

• STEP3:
Vo  1A  RTH
Vo  7.5
RTH    7.5
1 1
 EXERCISE 1
• Apply Thevenin theorem to find Vo

Ans : RTH=5Ω VTH= 19.2V Vo=12.8V

 EXERCISE 2
• Obtain Thevenin equivalent

Ans : RTH=0.4762Ω VTH= 1.9841V

 EXERCISE 3
• Find Thevenin equivalent at terminal ab
and solve for ix

Ans : RTH=10Ω VTH= 0V ix=0A

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS

• Node-Voltage method
• Mesh-current method
• Source transformation
• Thevenin equivalent circuit
• Norton equivalent circuit
• Maximum power transfer
• Superposition principle
 NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

• A Norton equivalent circuit consists of an

independent current source in parallel with
the Norton equivalent resistance.
• Can be derive from a Thevenin equivalent
circuit simply by making a source
transformation.
• Norton current, IN = the short-circuit
current at the terminal of interest.
• Norton resistance, RN = Thevenin
resistance, RTh
Norton equivalent circuit
RN  RTH
Norton current, IN is the
short circuit current flowing
from terminal a and b
I N  I sc

VTH
IN 
RTH
 EXAMPLE
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown
below
To find RN
Current source 2A Open circuit
Voltage source 12 V Short circuit

RN  RTH
RN  (4  8  8) // 5
RN  20 // 5
20  5
RN   4
20  5
To find IN
(a) I N  I sc
For mesh 1
i1  2 A
For mesh 2
 12  4(i2  i1 )  8i2  8i2  0
20i2  4i1  12
Solve the equation

i2  1A

i2  isc  I N  1A
To find IN
(b) VTH
IN 
RTH

For mesh 1
i1  2 A
For mesh 2
 12  4(i2  i1 )  8i2  5i2  8i2  0
25i2  4i1  12
Solve the equation
i2  0.8 A

VTH is equal to
voltage at 5Ω
VTH  i2 (5)
VTH  0.8(5)  4V
VTH 4 RN  RTH  4
IN    1A
RTH 4
Norton equivalent circuit
 EXAMPLE

Find Norton equivalent circuit

5 4
a

25V  20 3A

b
 5 4
a

25V  20 3A

25V
Ip   5A R p  5
5
 Step 1: Source transformation

4 a

5A 5 20 3A

I p  5A  3A  8A R p  5 // 20
5(20)
Rp   4
5  20
 Step 2: Parallel sources and parallel
resistors combined
4 a

8A 4

V p  8 A(4)  32V
Rs  4  4 Series resistor combined
 Step 3: Source transformation, series
resistors combined, producing the
Thevenin equivalent circuit
32V
IN   4A
8 8
RN  8 a

32V 

THEVENIN
EQUIVALENT b
CIRCUIT
 Step 4: Source transformation, producing
the Norton equivalent circuit

4A 8

NORTON
EQUIVALENT b
CIRCUIT
 EXERCISE 1
• Find the Norton equivalent with respect to
terminal a-b

Ans: RN=10Ω IN= 666.67mA

 EXERCISE 2
• Obtain Norton equivalent of the circuit
below to the left of terminal a-b. Use the
result to find current i

Ans: RN=10Ω IN= -0.4A i= 2.4A

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS

• Node-Voltage method
• Mesh-current method
• Source transformation
• Thevenin equivalent circuit
• Norton equivalent circuit
• Maximum power transfer
• Superposition principle
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

• Two basic types of system:

– Emphasizes the efficiency of the power
transfer
– Emphasizes the amount of power
transferred.
• Maximum power transfer is a technique
for calculating the maximum value of p
that can be delivered to a load, RL.
• Maximum power transfer occurs when
RL=RTh.

Maximum power
theorem
Maximum power theorem
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the
load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as
seen form the load
RL  RTH

2
V
pmax  TH
4 RTH
p  IV  I R 2

2
 VTH 
p  i R  
2
 RL
 RTH  RL 
2
 VTH 
p    RTH
 RTH  RTH  RL  RTH
2
 VTH  VTH2
VTH2
pmax    RTH  2
RTH 
 2 RTH  4 RTH 4 RTH
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS METHODS

• Node-Voltage method
• Mesh-current method
• Source transformation
• Thevenin equivalent circuit
• Norton equivalent circuit
• Maximum power transfer
• Superposition principle
 SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
• In a circuit with multiple independent sources,
superposition allows us to activate one source
at a time and sum the resulting voltages and
currents to determine the voltages and currents
that exist when all independent sources are
activate.
• The superposition principle states that the
voltage across (or current through) an element
in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the
voltage across (or current through) that element
due to each independent source acting alone
 Step of Superposition principle

1. Deactivated all the sources and only

remain one source at one time. Do
circuit analysis to find voltages or
currents.
2. Repeat step 1 for each independent
sources.
3. Sum the resulting voltages or
currents.
 REMEMBER!!
!
1. Independent voltage source will
become short-circuit with 0Ω
resistance.
2. Independent current source will
become open-circuit.
3. Dependent sources are never
deactivated when applying
superposition.
 Example…
Find Vo
• Step 1: deactivated all sources except
voltage source
 • V0 is calculated using voltage
divider:

 10 
V0  2k    5V
 2k  2k 
• Step 2: Deactivated all sources except
current source
• V0 is calculated by using current
divider:

2k
i0  (2m)  1mA
2k  2k
V0  (1m)(2k )  2V
• Step 3: Sum all the resulting voltages:

V0 =2+5=7V.
 EXERCISE 1
• Using superposition find V in the circuit
below

V=4.1538V
 EXERCISE 2
• Use superposition to find vo

Vo=7V
 EXERCISE 3
• Use the superposition principle to find io
and vo

Vo=18V io=1.8A
 Question 1 (node-
voltage)
• Calculate the value of Io
 Solution

• Node 1:

V1 V1  V2 
  2  4
1 2
 3  V2
V1     6
2 2
• Node 2:

V2  V1 V2 V2
  4
2 2 4
V1 1 1 1
  V2      4
2 2 2 4
V1 5
  V2    4
2 4
  2  6
3

 1 4
V2  3 2

 2  2 1

 1 5 
 2 4 

63
  1.846
1.625
 1.846
I 0   0.923 A
2
 Question 2 (mesh-current)

• Determine the value of currents, I1, I2 and I3.

• Supermesh:

10 I1  5( I 2  I 3 )  0
• Mesh 3:

5 I 3  5 I 3  I 2   125  0
10 I 3  5 I 2  125
• Dependent current source
I1  I 2  2V0
• Vo

V0  5( I 2  I 3 )
• Substitute V0

I1  I 2  10 ( I 2  I 3 )
I1  11 I 2  10 I 3  0
• Use Cramer rule
 0 5  5
 125  5 10  

 0  11 10 
I1 
10 5  5
0  5 10  

 1  11 10 
  5  5
125 
 11 10 
  5 10 0 10 0  5 
10   5   5 
 11 10 1 10 1  11
 625

625
 1A
 10 0  5
 0  125 10 
 
• Current I2:  1 0 10 
I2 
 625
10  5
125 
 1 10 

 625
13125

 625
 21A
 10 5 0 
 0  5  125
 
• Current I3:  1  11 0 
I3 
625
10  5
125 
 1 10 

625
 14375

625
 23 A
Question 3 (thevenin)
• Open-circuit voltage, Voc:
• Node-voltage
equation for Voc

Voc  24 Voc
 20
2 2
Voc  24  Voc  4  0
2Voc  20
Voc  10V
• Thevenin resistance, RTh:

RTH  2 2  4  5
• Thevenin
equivalent
circuit:

11
V0  (10)  6.88V
16
Question 4 (norton)
• Open-circuit current, Isc:

12
I sc  3   6A
4
• Norton resistance, RN:

RN = 4Ω
 • Norton equivalent circuit:

V0  6 4 12   6(3)  18V
 Question 5 (superposition)

• Use superposition principle to determine

the voltage Vo.
• Deactivated current source

 2
V0  24   4V
 12 
• Deactivated voltage source

4
io  (6 A)
4  6  2
io  2 A

Vo  io (2)  2(2)  4V

• Summing the voltage V0

V0  V0  8V
 Question 6 (node-voltage)
• Determine the value of Vo.
node-voltage equation:

V0 V0  5i V0  80
3   0
200 10 20
Current iΔ: i  V0  80

20
• Thus:

V0 =50V