Chapter 10: Device Discovery,

Management, and Maintenance

CCNA Routing and Switching

Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0
Chapter 10 - Sections & Objectives
 10.1 Device Discovery
• Use discovery protocols to map a network topology.
• Use CDP to map a network topology.
• Use LLDP to map a network topology.
 10.2 Device Management
• Configure NTP and Syslog in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Implement NTP between a NTP client and NTP server.
• Explain syslog operation.
• Configure syslog servers and clients.

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Chapter 10 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 10.3 Device Maintenance
• Maintain router and switch configuration and IOS files.
• Use commands to back up and restore an IOS configuration file.
• Explain the IOS image naming conventions implemented by Cisco.
• Upgrade an IOS system image.
• Explain the licensing process for Cisco IOS software in a small- to medium-sized business network.
• Configure a router to install an IOS software image license.

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10.3 Device Maintenance

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Router File Systems

 show file systems lists all the available file

systems
 Provides information such as memory, type of
file system, and permissions (read only (ro),
read and write (rw))
 Interested in tftp, flash, and nvram file
systems
 Bootable IOS is located in flash so has a *

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Router File Systems (Cont.)

 To view the contents of NVRAM, change the

current default file system using the cd (change
 dir lists the contents of flash directory) command

 Last listing is the name of the current  pwd (present working directory) command
Cisco IOS file that is running in RAM verifies that we are viewing the NVRAM directory
 dir lists the contents of NVRAM, included is the
startup-configuration file
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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Switch File Systems

Command
is same as
with the
router!

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Backing up and Restoring using Text Files

1. On the File menu, click Log.

2. Choose the location to save the file. Tera Term

will begin capturing text.

3. After capture has been started, execute

the show running-config or show startup-config
command at the privileged EXEC prompt. Text
displayed in the terminal window will be
directed to the chosen file.

4. When the capture is complete, select Close in

the Tera Term Log window.

5. View the file to verify that it was not corrupted.

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Backing up and Restoring using Text Files (Cont.)
Restoring Text Configurations
 A configuration can be copied from a file to a device.

 When copied from a text file and pasted into a terminal window, the IOS executes each line of the
configuration text as a command.
 At the CLI, the device must be set at the global configuration mode to receive the commands from the text
file being pasted into the terminal window.

When using Tera Term, the steps are:

 Step 1. On the File menu, click Send file.

 Step 2. Locate the file to be copied into the device and click Open.

 Step 3. Tera Term will paste the file into the device.

 Note: The text in the file will be applied as commands in the CLI and become the running configuration on
the device.
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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Backing up and Restoring using TFTP
 Configuration files should be backed up and included in network documentation

 Commands - copy running-config tftp (see figure) or copy startup-config tftp

 To restore the running configuration or the startup configuration from a TFTP server, use copy
tftp running-config or copy tftp startup-config command

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Using USB Ports on a Cisco Router
 Certain models of Cisco routers
support USB flash drives.
 USB can be used for storage and
booting.
 USB flash can hold multiple copies of
the Cisco IOS and multiple router
configurations.
 Use the dir command to view the
contents of the USB flash drive.

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Backing up and Restoring Using USB

• show file systems verifies

USB drive and name

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Backing up and Restoring Using USB (Cont.)

 copy run usbflash0:/ command

copies the running-config file to
the USB flash drive (slash is
optional but indicates the root
directory of the USB flash drive)
 IOS will prompt for the filename

 If the file already exists on the

USB flash drive, the router will
prompt to overwrite

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Backing up and Restoring Using USB (Cont.)

 Use the dir command to see the

file on the USB drive
 Use the more command to see
the contents
 Use copy usbflash0:/R1-Config
running-config to restore
running config

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Password Recovery Step 1. Enter the ROMMON mode.
 With console access, a user can access the
ROMMON mode by using a break sequence during
the boot up process or removing the external flash
memory when the device is powered off.

Step 2. Change the configuration register to

0x2142 to ignore the startup config file.
 Use the confreg 0x2142 command
 Type reset at the prompt to restart the devic e

Step 3. Make necessary changes to the

original startup config file.
 Copy the startup config to the running config
 Configure all necessary passwords
 Change the configuration register back to 0X2102

Step 4. Save the new configuration.

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Packet Tracer – Backing Up Configuration Files

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Lab – Managing Router Configuration Files with Tera Term

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Lab – Managing Device Configuration Files Using TFTP, Flash, and USB

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Router and Switch File Maintenance
Lab – Researching Password Recovery Procedures

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IOS System Files
IOS 15 System Image Packaging
 G2 router is shipped with a single universal Cisco IOS and a license is used to enable the specific
feature set packages.
 Each router ships with one of two types of
universal images in ISR G2:
• “universalk9" – offers all of the Cisco IOS
software features, including strong payload
cryptography features, such as IPsec VPN, SSL
VPN, and Secure Unified Communications
• “universalk9_npe” – some countries have
import requirements that require that the
platform does not support any strong
cryptography functionality, this image does not
support any strong payload encryption
 Features are activated through licensing.

 Other technology packages enabled using Cisco

Software Activation licensing keys.
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IOS System Files
IOS Image Filenames Displays the files stored in flash memory

 The most common designation for memory location

and compression format is mz. The first letter
indicates the location where the image is executed on
the router. The locations can include:
 f - flash

 m - RAM

 r - ROM

 l - relocatable

 The compression format

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affiliates. z reserved.
All rights for zip Ciscoor x for
Confidential 21

mzip.
IOS Image Management
TFTP Servers as a Backup Location
 Cisco IOS Software images and configuration files can be stored on a central TFTP server.

 It is good practice to keep a backup copy of the Cisco IOS Software image in case the system
image in the router becomes corrupted or accidentally erased.
 Using a network TFTP server allows image and configuration uploads and downloads over the
network. The network TFTP server can be another router, a workstation, or a host system.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
IOS Image Management
Steps to Backup IOS Image to TFTP Server

 The network administrator wants to create a backup

of the current image file on the router (c1900-
universalk9-mz.SPA.152-4.M3.bin) to the TFTP
server at 172.16.1.100.

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IOS Image Management
Steps to Backup IOS Image to TFTP Server (Cont.)

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IOS Image Management
Steps to Copy an IOS Image to a Device

• A new image file (c1900-universalk9-

mz.SPA.152-4.M3.bin) will be copied
from the TFTP server at
2001:DB8:CAFE:100::99 to the
router.

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IOS Image Management
Steps to Copy an IOS Image to a Device (Cont.)

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IOS Image Management
The boot system Command
 To upgrade to the copied IOS image after that image is saved on the router's flash memory, configure the
router to load the new image during boot up using the boot system command.

 To verify the new image has

loaded, use the show version
command.
 Several boot system commands
can be entered to provide a fault-
tolerant boot plan.
 If there is no boot system
commands, the router defaults to
loading the first valid Cisco IOS
image in flash memory.

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IOS Image Management
Packet Tracer - Using a TFTP Server to Upgrade a Cisco IOS Image

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IOS Image Management
Video Demonstration - Managing Cisco IOS Images
Objective:
 Use a TFTP server to upload an updated IOS image file to a Cisco Router.

 Use the boot system command to boot the router to the new IOS image file.

 Reload the router and successfully boot to the new IOS image file.

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Software Licensing
Licensing Overview
 Each device ships with the same universal
image.
 Technology packages are enabled in the
universal image via Cisco Software
Activation licensing keys.
 The Cisco IOS Software Activation feature
allows the user to enable licensed features
and register licenses.
 Technology packages that are available:

 IP Base

 Data

 Unified Communications (UC)

 Security©(SEC)
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Software Licensing
Licensing Process

• The figure shows the three

steps to permanently activate
a new software package or
feature on a router.

• PAK – Product Activation Key

• UDI – Unique Device Identifier

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Software Licensing
Step 1. Purchase the Software Package or Feature to Install

 Customers receive a PAK with

purchase that serves as a receipt
and is used to obtain a license.
 A PAK is an 11 digit alpha
numeric key created by Cisco
manufacturing. It defines the
Feature Set associated with the
PAK.
 As shown in the figure, a
separate license is required for
each package, IP Base, Data,
UC, and SEC.

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Software Licensing
Step 2. Obtain a License
 The UDI is a combination of the Product ID (PID), the Serial Number (SN), and the hardware
version. The SN is an 11 digit number which uniquely identifies a device. The PID identifies the
type of device. Only the PID and SN are used for license creation.
 This UDI can be displayed using the show license udi command shown.

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Software Licensing
Step 3. Install the License

 A permanent license is a license that never expires. After a

permanent license is installed on a router, it is good for that
particular feature set for the life of the router, even across
IOS versions.
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License Verification and Management
License Verification

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License Verification and Management
Activate an Evaluation Right-To-Use License

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License Verification and Management
Back up the License
 The license save command is used to copy all licenses in a device and store them.

 Saved licenses are restored by using the license install command.

 The command to back up a copy of the licenses on a device is:

 Router# license save file-sys://lic-location

 Use the show flash0: command to verify that the licenses have been saved.

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License Verification and Management
Uninstall the License

 Only licenses that

have been added by
using the license
install command
are removed.

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License Verification and Management
Video Demonstration - Working with IOS 15 Image Licenses
Objective
• Identify the additional licensing types of Cisco ISR-G2 routers
• Identify the differences between permanent licensing and evaluation right-to-use licensing
• Activate the security technology package on a Cisco 1941 router
• Accept the end user license agreement
• Verify the securityk9 license and save it to flash memory

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10.4 Chapter Summary

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Conclusion
Packet Tracer – Skills Integration Challenge

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Conclusion
Chapter 10: Device Discovery, Management, and Maintenance
 Use discovery protocols to map a network topology.

 Configure NTP and Syslog in a small to medium-sized business network.

 Maintain router and switch configuration and IOS files.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42