Telecommunication

Interconnections
REPORTER: BRIT, PAOLA PEARL P.
Topic Outline:
a. Definition of Radio a. Commercial Radio
Stations and Services Operators
b. Radio Station Licenses b. Radio and Television
and Construction Broadcasting
Permits c. Citizen Band Radio
c. Radio Frequencies Services
d. Land Mobile Radio
Operators
Definition of Radio
Stations and
Services
 (a) Telecommunications - any process which
Definition of enables a telecommunications entity to relay and
Radio Stations receive voice, data, electronic messages, written
and Services or printed matter, fixed or moving pictures,
words, music or visible or audible signals or any
control signals of any design and for any
purpose by wire, radio or other electromagnetic,
spectral, optical or technological means.
(b) Public Telecommunications Entity - any
person, firm, partnership or corporation,
government or private, engaged in the provision
of telecommunications services to the public for
compensation.
 (c) Broadcasting - an undertaking the object of
which is to transmit over-the-air commercial radio
Definition of or television messages for reception of a broad
Radio Stations audience in a geographic area.
and Services
(d) Franchise - a privilege conferred upon a
telecommunications entity by congress,
authorizing that entity to engage in a certain type
of telecommunications service.
(e) Local Exchange Operator - an entity providing
transmission and switching of telecommunications
services, primarily but not limited to voice-to-
voice service, in a geographic area anywhere in the
Philippines.
 (f) Inter-exchange Carrier - an entity, sometimes
Definition of referred to as carrier's carrier or national backbone
Radio Stations network operator, authorized to install, own and
and Services operate facilities which connect local exchanges
within the Philippines and to engage in the business
of inter-exchange national long distance services.
(g) International Carrier - an entity primarily
engaged in the business of providing transmission
and switching of any telecommunications service
between the Philippines and any other point of the
world to which it has an existing correspondent or
prospective interconnection agreements.
 (h) Value-added Service Provider (VAS) - an
Definition of entity which, relying on the transmission,
Radio Stations switching and local distribution facilities of the
and Services local exchange and inter-exchange operators,
and overseas carriers, offers enhanced services
beyond those ordinarily provided for by such
carriers.
(i) Public Toll Calling Station - a non-exclusive
facility at which the public may, by the
payment of appropriate fees, place as well as
receive telephone calls and/or telegrams or
other messages.
 (j) Mobile Radio Telephone System - a wide
Definition of area mobile radio telephone system with its
Radio Stations own switch, base stations and transmission
and Services facilities capable of providing high capacity
mobile telecommunications by utilizing radio
frequencies.
(k) Interconnection - the linkage, by wire,
radio, satellite or other means, of two or more
existing telecommunications carriers or
operators with one another for the purpose of
allowing or enabling the subscribers of one
carrier or operator to access or reach the
subscribers of the other carriers or operators.
 Radio Station
Licenses and
Construction Permits
Radio Station Department Order No. 88
Licenses and
Construction
Permits Rules And Regulations Requiring The
Services Of Duly Registered Electronics
And Communications Engineer In The
Planning And Designing Installation Or
Construction, Operation And Maintenance
Of Radio Stations, And In The
Manufacture And/Or Modification Of
Radio Communications Equipment
Radio Station Section 1. An applicant for a radio station
Licenses and construction permit shall submit to the Radio
Construction Control Office for the necessary approval for
Permits an application therefor in the prescribed
form supported by engineering plan (s) and
design (s) with corresponding specifications
of the radio station to be constructed or to be
modified and the justifications of the project
or system duly signed and sealed by a
registered Electronics and Communications
Engineer;
Radio Station in addition to the required administrative and
Licenses and legal requirements: Provided, that this Section
Construction shall not apply to amateur stations, Citizens
Permits band radio stations, land mobile or portable
stations operating in the VHF/UHF microwave
bands, aircraft stations in the non-commercial
service, ship low power radio-telephone
stations, and stations in the other
communications services not utilized for
commercial purposes and operating on a non-
multiplex basis with an effective
communication coverage area not to exceed 5
km-radius.
Radio Station Section 2. The installation or construction of a
Licenses and radio station for which a Construction Permit had
Construction been issued shall be directly supervised by a
Permits registered Electronics and Communication
Engineer, and no license for the operation for the
station so constructed shall be issued unless a
certification by an Electronics and
Communications Engineer to the effect that the
station was constructed or installed in accordance
with the approved specifications and that the
construction or installation thereof was under his
direct supervision , is submitted and consequently
duly verified by the Radio Control Office;
Radio Station Provided, That, this Section shall not apply to
Licenses and amateur stations, Citizen Band radio stations,
Construction land mobile or portable stations operating the
Permits VHF/UHF/microwave bands, aircraft stations
in the non-commercial service, ship low power
radiotelephone stations, and stations in other
communications services not utilized for
commercial purposes and not operating on a
multiplex basis with an effective
communication coverage area not to exceed 5
Km-radius.
Radio Station Section 3. Operation and Maintenance
Licenses and  (a) The operation and maintenance of any radio
Construction communications system comprised of six (6) or more
Permits of any type of land radio stations shall be under the
supervision of a duly registered Electronics and
Communications Engineer; Provided, That, amateur
stations, paging stations, maritime mobile stations,
land mobile or portable stations operating in the
VHF/UHF/microwave bands, aircraft stations, stations
in the citizens band radio service, and radio training
stations are exempted from the provision of this
Section.
 (b) The operation and maintenance of any
Radio Station broadcasting system or network shall be under the
Licenses and effective and direct supervision of duly registered
Construction Electronics and Communications Engineer: Provided,
Permits That, radio broadcast stations in the standard AM
broadcast band with a carrier power not in excess of
one (1) kilowatt, FM broadcast stations with an
effective radiated power not in excess of three (3)
kilowatts, TV translators with an RF carrier power not
in excess of one (1) watt, TV RF power boosters with
an effective radiated power not in excess of three (3)
kilowatts are exempted from the provisions of this
Section:
Radio Station Provided, Further That, affected radio stations
Licenses and already licensed and operating prior to the
Construction promulgation of this Order shall comply with
Permits the provisions of this Section within one (1)
year from the date of its affectivity.
Radio Station Section 4. No permit for the manufacture and/or
Licenses and modification of radio communication equipment
Construction shall be granted unless the applicant submits
Permits for the necessary approval the design and
specifications of the type of equipment to be
manufactured and/or to be modified duly signed
and sealed by a registered Electronics and
Communications Engineer
Radio Station and, additionally, in the case of manufacturing
Licenses and process shall be under the direct and effective
Construction supervision of a registered Electronics and
Permits Communications Engineer.
Radio Station Section 5. Any violation of or non-compliance
Licenses and with any provision of this
Construction Order shall be dealt with in accordance with the
Permits provisions of Act No.3846 as amended, and/or
RA No.5734.
Section 6. Any previous Order, Circular, or
instruction or part thereof that is inconsistent
here with is superseded.
Section 7.This Order shall take effect
immediately.
Radio Frequencies
 From Article II of Republic Act No. 7925,

Radio The radio frequency spectrum is a scarce public

Frequencies resource that shall be administered in the public
interest and in accordance with international
agreements and conventions to which the
Philippines is a party and granted to the best
qualified.
 The government shall allocate the
spectrum to service providers who will
Radio use it efficiently and effectively to
Frequencies meet public demand for
telecommunications service and may
avail of new and cost effective
technologies in the use of methods for
its utilization
 Guidelines on Radio-Frequency Assignment
Pursuant to the provisions of Act No. 3846 as amended,
Executive Order No. 546, and the existing
International Radio Regulations and for purposes of optimum
Radio radio frequency use and its efficient
Frequencies management, the following guidelines on radio frequency
assignment are hereby prescribed:
 1. Availability of radio frequency shall first be ensured before a
user is permitted to purchase. The Permit to Purchase issued by
the Commission shall include a provisional Permit to Possess
valid for forty-five (45) days on non-extendable basis. Said
permits shall be declared nun & void and the proposed
Radio frequency (ies) recalled, unless permitted is able to submit a
Frequencies formal application for either issuance of Construction Permit
when required or the issuance of a Radio station license within
the above forty five (45) days.
2. Strict Compliance with accepted spectrum planning
principles and licensing conditions through proper spectrum
engineering standards shall be observed.
3. Only type approved/accepted equipment by the Commission
shall be authorized to private networks to operate in the
UHF/VHF narrow band.
 4. All frequency assignments shall be on basis of shared usage
unless otherwise authorized by the
Commission.
5. Frequency plans shall be adopted using standardized channel
Radio separation and channel spacing.
Frequencies 6. Radio frequency channels shall be assigned to minimize
interference due to intermodulation
products.
7. To define the area/distance coverage, radio station shall only
be authorized a maximum effective
radiated power and/or allowable antenna height.
 From Article V of Republic Act No. 7925,

Radio Section 15. Radio Frequency Spectrum. - The

Frequencies radio frequency spectrum allocation and
assignment shall be subject to periodic review.
The use thereof shall be subject to reasonable
spectrum user fees. Where demand for specific
frequencies exceed availability, the
Commission shall hold open tenders for the
same and ensure wider access to this limited
resource.
Land Mobile Radio
Operators
 How should the equipment of a land mobile
service be built and installed?

Land Mobile Ans. The frequency of a land mobile service

Radio Operators equipment should be built and installed in
accordance with the standards of good
engineering practice. The frequency must be
crystal-controlled.
 The radio transmitting and receiving equipment
on the land mobile station must be pretuned and
should not require any resetting, aligning or any
similar operation by the operator except the
Land Mobile turning on and off of the power switch, the
Radio Operators adjustment of the control and the turning of a
head switch or the depressing of a push button
in order to shift to another authorized frequency.
 The equipment should be so designed that none
of the operations necessary to be performed
during the course of normal rendition of service
Land Mobile may cause off-frequency operation or result in
Radio Operators any unauthorized radiation.
 Who are the operators required to operate stations in
the land mobile service?

Ans.
Land Mobile ◦ Base station - A base station shall be in the charge of
Radio Operators and operated by at least a second class
radiotelegraph or a second class radiotelephone
operator duly licensed by the NTC.
◦ Land Mobile Station - A land mobile station shall be
in the charge of a person holding either any class of
commercial radio operator license or a restricted
land mobile radiotelephone operator permit issued
by the NTC.
 What are required of Fixed and Land Mobile stations
for purposes of identification?

Ans. All licenses of Fixed and Land Mobile stations

Land Mobile are required to procure the official call sign stickers for
Radio Operators their stations from the main office of the NTC or any
of its existing regional offices.

The license shall attach the stickers respectively at the

entrance to the Fixed/Base station, the window of the
mobile station and/or on portable radio equipment
itself. The purpose is to identify properly all stations
by the conspicuous display of their respective assigned
call signs.
 What is a Restricted Radio Telephone
Operator's (RLM) Certificate for Land Mobile
Stations?
Land Mobile
Radio Operators Ans. A written instrument issued by the
Commission to qualified person authorizing
him to carry out the radiotelephone service of a
duly licensed land mobile or portable radio
service of a duly licensed land mobile or
portable radio station.
 What are the qualifications for an applicant of an RLM
Cerificate?

Ans. The qualifications are:

Land Mobile ◦ He must be a citizen of the Philippines;
◦ He must be of good moral character;
Radio Operators ◦ He must be at least 18 years of age;
◦ He must be able to transmit and receive radiotelephone
messages at least in Filipino or English;
◦ He must be connected or employed in a firm, company or
organization which is authorized to operate radio stations in
the land mobile service; and
◦ He must have completed a course on rules, regulations and
land mobile radio operating procedures conducted by a radio
training school (RTS) accredited by the Commission.
 What are the subjects or areas of study for
RLM operators?

Land Mobile Ans. The study for RLM operators shall cover
Radio Operators the following:
Pertinent laws and regulations - 2 hours
Traffic handling procedures and -
1 hour
prevention of interference  
 
Operation of land mobile radio
equipment
-
1 hour
   

Total -
4 hours
 How shall a radio training school be accredited
by the NTC?

Land Mobile Ans. Radio Training Schools willing to offer

Radio Operators the study course for prospective restricted land
mobile operators shall enter into obtain
accreditation for such purpose. The schools
must have qualified instructors to handle the
course, sufficient facilities and appropriate
radio training equipment available for
demonstration purpose.
 Instead of the completion of a study course on
land mobile radio operation from a duly
accredited radio training school, may the NTC
Land Mobile conduct a seminar thereof?
Radio Operators

Ans. Yes, in the meantime that there is no

sufficient number of radio training schools
accredited, the Commission will conduct the
seminar in accordance with certain guidelines.
 What are the procedures or guidelines for the
NTC to conduct the seminar?

Land Mobile Ans. Any government agency, private company

Radio Operators or organization which is authorized to operate a
base and land mobile radio communication
system may request the Commission for a
seminar on the operation of land mobile
radiotelephone stations for its regular
employees or members.
 What are the subjects of the seminar?

Land Mobile
Radio Operators
Ans. The subjects of the seminar are Act 3846,
as amended (Radio Control Law); Dept. Order
No. 6, Series of 1949); Dept. Order No. 11,
series of 1950; Memorandum Circular No.
70885 and 70885A; and Radio Operation and
Basic Maintenance of Land Mobile
Radiotelephone Stations.
 May an accredited radio training school also
conduct the seminar?

Land Mobile Ans. Yes, the NTC may authorize a radio

Radio Operators training school to conduct seminars on
Restricted Land Mobile Radiotelephone
operators.
 What are the requirements for an applicant of an RLM
Operator's Certificate?

Ans. An applicant for an RLM Operator's Certificate may file

Land Mobile his properly accomplished application with the Central Office
of the National Telecommunications Commission at Quezon
Radio Operators City or at any of its regional offices together with the following:
◦ Certificate of completion of a study course or seminar on
land mobile radio operation issued accordingly by accredited
RTS or by the Commission.
◦ Certificate of connection or employment of the applicant
duly signed by a senior official of the firm, company or
organization which is authorized to operate land mobile
stations.
◦ Copy of valid construction permit or license of the radio
station to be operated by the applicant.
 How shall an operator renew his RLM
Certificate?

Land Mobile Ans. An RLM certificate may be renewed by

Radio Operators the Commission provided that the application
for its renewal, together with the certificate to
be renewed, shall be filed, with the NTC at
least 30 days before its date of expiration and
the prescribed fees paid accordingly.
 What are the rules regarding late renewal of RLM
Certificate?

Land Mobile Ans. The following rules for late renewal are:
◦ A holder who filed a late application for renewal of
Radio Operators his certificate but not beyond six months after its
date of expiration shall pay a surcharge of 50% of
the certificate fee.
◦ A holder who filed an application for renewal of his
certificate six months or more after the expiry date
but not beyond one year shall pay a surcharge of
100% of the certificate fee. A 100% surcharge for
each year thereafter of late filing shall be paid by the
applicant.
 ◦ The payment of surcharge fees for late filing
of an application for renewal, however, shall
Land Mobile not apply provided that the holder has
Radio Operators informed the Commission in writing before
the expiry date, that he has no intention of
using the subject certificate until further
notice and has surrendered the original copy
thereof. The Commission may revalidate such
certificate upon receipt of a properly
accomplished application for renewal from
the grantee.
 What are the procedures in case of loss of the RLM
certificate?
Land Mobile
Radio Operators Ans. The holder of a lost, mutilated or destroyed
certificate shall immediately notify the Commission.
The applicant for duplicate of an RLM certificate shall
submit to the Commission an application for duplicate
with a sworn statement attesting to the facts
surrounding the loss, that a reasonable search has been
made for it and that the original or duplicate of the
certificate, if found, shall be returned to the
Commission for cancellation.
 What is the effectivity period of an RLM
Land Mobile Certificate?
Radio Operators
Ans. An RLM Operator's Certificate may be
issued for a maximum period not exceeding
five (5) years.
 What are the fees to be paid by the applicant?
Land Mobile
Ans. The fees to be paid are:
Radio Operators
a. Application Fee - P 20.00
Issuance of
b. - P 60.00
certificate per year
Issuance of
c. duplicate - P120.00
certificate
 What are the causes for the suspension or
revocation of an RLM Operator's Certificate?
Land Mobile
Radio Operators Ans. The Commission may suspend or revoke
any RLM Certificate for failure of the holder to
comply with any relevant radio law or
regulation, in accordance with existing
procedures on the suspension or revocation of
radio operator's certificates.
 What is the scope of authority of the holder of a Restricted
Radiotelephone Operator's Certificates?

Ans.The holder of an RLM Certificate may carry out only the

Land Mobile radio telephone service of any duly licensed land mobile or
Radio Operators portable radio station in the Philippines subject to the following
limitations and conditions:
◦ He is allowed to operate or adjust only external controls of
the transmitter/transceiver, such as the on and off switch, the
volume control, the chhnnel selector, or the squelch control;
◦ He shall operate the radio station strictly in accordance with
the conditions specified in the station license; and
◦ He is required to carry out instruction issued by the land base
radio operator for proper radio operation and handling of
radio interferences.
.
 What are the guidelines and procedures concerning the issuance of
Construction Permit for mobile stations?

Ans. The following guidelines and procedures concerning the

issuance of Construction Permit for mobile radio stations are:
Land Mobile ◦ A qualified applicant for a radio mobile station on board a
vessel, aircraft or vehicle of any kind shall file with the NTC the
Radio Operators necessary applications for Permit to Purchase and Possess of
radio transmitting equipment, Construction Permit for the
installation of the equipment and Station License to operate the
desired mobile radio station.
◦ The NTC shall process subsequently the applications and issue
the Permits and Station license applied for after the applicant
has paid all the required licensing fees. The authorization to
install shall both be covered however in a single written
instrument of authorization and the fees thereof shall be
collected immediately.
 ◦ The inspection of the mobile radio station
will be conducted as usual by any authorized
Land Mobile representative of the Commission at any
reasonable time after the installation of the
Radio Operators radio equipment.
◦ The Commission reserves the right however
to recall or cancel the license of any mobile
radio station which may be found installed or
operated not in conformity with the technical
standard or regulations promulgated by the
Commission.
 What are the conditions to be observed by Mobile Stations in
the land mobile service as provided by the IRR?

Ans. As provided by the International Radio Regulations, the

Land Mobile following conditions shall be observed by mobile stations in the
Radio Operators land mobile service:
◦ Land mobile stations shall be established in such a way as to
conform to the provisions of the IRR as regards frequencies
and classes of emission.
◦ The frequencies of emission of land mobile stations shall be
checked as often as possible by the inspection service to
which these stations are subject.
◦ The energy radiated by receiving apparatus shall be reduced
to the lowest possible value and shall not cause harmful
interference to other stations.
 ◦ Administrations shall take all practicable steps necessary to
ensure that the operation of any electrical apparatus installed
in land mobile stations does not cause harmful interference to
the essential radio services of stations which are operating in
Land Mobile accordance with the provisions of the International Radio
Radio Operators Regulations.
◦ Changes of frequency in the sending and receiving apparatus
of any land mobile station shall be capable of being made as
rapidly as possible.
◦ Installations of any land mobile station shall be capable, once
communication is established, of changing from transmission
to reception and vice versa in as short a time as possible.
(IRR, Chapter XII, Article 67, Sections 5128 to 5133)
 What are the general radiotelephone procedures in the land
mobile service?

Ans. The general radiotelephone procedures in the land mobile

service are as follows:
Land Mobile ◦ A land mobile station may call the land station only when it
Radio Operators comes within the service area of the latter, that is to say, that
area within which, by using an appropriate frequency, the
land mobile station can be heard by the land stations.
◦ A land station having traffic for a land mobile station may
call this station if it has reason to believe that the land mobile
station is keeping watch and is within the service of the land
station. (IRR, Chapter XII, Article 68, Section 5159-5160)
◦ Land mobile station shall not radiate a carrier wave between
calls (IRR, Chapter XII, Art. 68, Sec. 5160)
Commercial Radio
Operators
 RADIO LAW

(1) No other person than the radio operator who is allowed to

Commercial engage in the operation of radio equipment may operate radio
Radio Operators equipment (except easy-to-operate radio) unless the person is
under the control of anyone who is appointed as a supervisor to
operate radio equipment of a radio station. However, this shall
not apply to the case where a ship or aircraft is unable to
supplement any radio operator due to being in navigation, or
which is specified in the applicable MIC ordinance. MIC - Ministry of
Internal Affairs and Communications
 (2) The operation of radio telegraphy by transmitting and
receiving Morse code signals and the operation of radio
equipment specified in the applicable MIC ordinance shall be
Commercial
Radio Operators conducted by a radio operator.
 (3) The radio operator in charge shall be a radio operator who is
capable of supervising the operation of radio equipment with no
reference to matters specified in the applicable MIC ordinance.
Commercial
Radio Operators
 (4) Any licensee, etc. of a radio station shall, without delay,
notify the Minister to that effect when the licensee, etc.
appoints a radio operator in full charge. The same shall apply to
Commercial
Radio Operators the cases where the licensee, etc. discharges a radio operator in
full charge.
 (5) Any radio operator in charge for whom an appointment has
been notified of in accordance with the provisions of the
preceding paragraph shall perform with integrity the duties
Commercial
Radio Operators specified in the applicable MIC ordinance, with respect to
supervising the operation of radio equipment.
 (6) Anyone who is engaged in operating radio equipment under
the supervision of a radio operator in charge, for whom an
appointment has been notified of shall observe any instruction
Commercial
Radio Operators of the radio operator in charge which is granted considering its
necessity for performing the duties of the preceding paragraph.
 (7) Any licensee, etc. of radio station (except that specified in
the applicable MIC ordinance) shall order a radio operator in
full charge, for whom an appointment has been notified of to
Commercial
Radio Operators take a training course, every certain period specified in the
applicable MIC ordinance, which the Minister organizes for
supervision of operation of the radio equipment.
Radio and Television
Broadcasting
Radio and
Television
Broadcasting
ECE193\KBP Broadcast Co
de of the Philippines.pdf
Citizen Band Radio
Services
 The National Telecommunications Commission is
empowered to assign call letters for each licensed station.
The National Telecommunications Commission assigns the
Citizen Band following call sign prefixes from the international series to
Philippine broadcasting stations depending on the location
Radio Services of their license:

DZ & DW for Luzon, except DZ for Palawan

DY for the Visayas, including Palawan and Masbate
DX for Mindanao
DZ is mostly AM band, while DW is FM band. Other call sign prefixes
assigned to the Philippines are DU, and DV.

Ex: DZBB, DZMM, DXIC

 Frequency Name Company Format Call Sign Power Covered Location

90.1 MHz Barangay 90.1 Iligan GMA Network Inc. News, Talk radio DXND-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)

News, Talk radio, 
92.7 MHz Real Radio 92.7 Iliga P.N Roa Broadcastin Pop, OPM, DXTA-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)
n g Network Love song
News, Talk radio, 

Citizen Band 95.9 MHz The Edge 95.9 P.N Roa Broadcastin Pop, OPM,
g Network Love song
DXMA-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)

Radio Services 94.3 MHz DXNE FM 94.3 Rady

o Kalambuan
NutriEskwela
community radio N
News, Talk radio, 
Pop, OPM,
Love song
DXNE-FM 5 KW
Lanao del Norte
(Primary)
etwork
News, Talk radio, 
97.5 MHz 97.5 Happy FM Iliga Notre Dame Broadc Pop, OPM, DXOI-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)
n asting Corporation Love song

News, Talk radio, 
100.1 MHz Hope Radio Adventist Medical C Christian radio,  DXMC-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)
enter Religious radio

News, Talk radio, 
102.3 MHz 102.3 iFM Iligan Radio Mindanao Ne Pop, OPM, DXIX-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)
twork Love song
News, Talk radio, 
103.1 MHz Wild FM 103.1 UM Broadcasting N Pop, OPM, DXIL-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)
etwork Love song
News, Talk radio, 
107.1 MHz 107.1 Love Radio Ili Manila Broadcasting Pop, OPM,Love DXLS-FM 10 KW Iligan(Primary)
gan Company song
 Thank You for
Listening Future
Engineers!
 QUIZ

Prepare ½ Sheet of
Yellow Paper.
1. What do you think is the reason why Electronics and Communications Engineers are the
very people to run to during designing, installation, construction, and or modification of radio
stations? (5pts.)
2. TRUE or FALSE. Write true if the statement is true and false if the statement is false.
(2pts.each)

a. News shall be part of a station’s daily programming. No more than 30 minutes of daily
programming should be devoted to news.
b. Rumors or gossips shall be aired in the guise of news. Using terms like “anonymous source”,
"confidential source" or “unknown source” shall justify the airing of rumors and gossips
especially in news programs.
c. Advertisements in the guise of news are allowable.
d. Surprise and unplanned (“ambush”) interviews of children are allowable.
e. A coverage should avoid inflicting undue shock and pain to families and loved ones of victims
of crimes, crisis situations, disasters, accidents, and other tragedies.
3. Give atleast 3 qualifications for an applicant of an RLM Certificate. (1pt. each)
Bonus Question:
4. What kind of work were you expecting for yourself after graduating here in MSU? (2pts.)