VANET MAC Protocols: Kazi Saeedalam Lecturer, CSE, KUET
VANET MAC Protocols: Kazi Saeedalam Lecturer, CSE, KUET
VANET MAC Protocols: Kazi Saeedalam Lecturer, CSE, KUET
V2V communications
vehicles exchange information with each other.
V2I communications
involve message exchanges between vehicles and traffic lights
or between vehicles and roadside monitors known as road side
units (RSUs).
The vehicles can access the internet through RSUs.
Each vehicle is equipped with a controller called on-board unit
(OBU) that supports the V2V and V2I communications.
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VANET MAC Protocols 03/13/2021
Characteristics of VANETs
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Highly Dynamic Topology
Due to the fast movement of vehicles.
Variable Node Density
number of vehicles in a region varies over time and is
dependant on the situation.
Predictable Network Topology
Move on roads, follow traffic signals, and road signs.
Available Battery Power
There is no limitation of battery power.
Enough computational resources
Each vehicle is equipped with Global Positioning System
(GPS), a high speed CPU, and many sensors.
VANETs
VANET applications:
Safety applications: Warning about accidents, violation of
traffic signals, wrong way driving, and much more.
Non-safety applications: Information about near by
restaurant, hotels, and gas stations, play on-line game and
access the internet.
VANET MAC Protocols 03/13/2021
DSRC technology
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The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) of USA provides
75 MHz of frequency spectrum from 5.850 GHz to
5.925GHz for Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
technology in order to facilitate vehicular communications.
DSRC is a technology for short to medium range communication
that is operable in the 5.9 GHz frequency band in order to
provide public safety and also used in private applications.
The 75 MHz frequency spectrum is divided into seven
channels and the bandwidth of each channel is 10 MHz. One of
the seven channels (channel 178) is designated as the control
channel (CCH) and is reserved for control information and
safety applications. The other six channels are called service
channels (SCHs) and support non-safety applications.
One of the limitations of the IEEE 802.11p is that it is not suitable for
broadcast communications. The RTS/CTS mechanism is not applicable
when vehicles broadcast packets because if a vehicle broadcasts a RTS packet
then all the active one-hop neighbours will broadcast their CTS packets. As a
result the channel will be accessed by multiple nodes.
Moreover, the hidden terminal problem cannot be alleviated without the
RTS/CTS mechanism in the IEEE 802.11p.
Another problem is that broadcast communications do not use ACKs.
In unicast communications, the receiver replies with an ACK if it successfully
receives a packet from the sender.
If the sender does not receive any ACK in a certain amount of time it
doubles the CW and retransmits the packet again.
Since packets are not retransmitted in broadcast communications, the CW
remains fixed all the time. Having a fixed CW increases the probability
that two nodes pick the same random value and therefore collide
when there is more traffic in the network.
Time is partitioned into frames, and frames are divided into many slots.
Each frame has three sets of slots L,R, and F.
The sets L and R are assigned to the vehicles of opposite directions and the
set F is used for RSUs.
In this protocol, each vehicle must access a CCH slot in each frame. The
CCH slot is used to send its SCH slot number in which it provides
the non-safety services, its direction and position, and the CCH
time slots of all one-hop neighbours.
Thus each vehicle gets an equal chance of accessing the SCHs. Each vehicle
also knows about the slots used by its one-hop neighbours and two-hop
neighbours by analysing the packets received from its one-hop neighbours
and thus avoids collisions due to the hidden terminal problem.
VANET MAC Protocols 03/13/2021
VeSOMAC
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Vehicular Self-Organizing MAC (VeSOMAC) is a novel MAC
protocol for vehicle-to-vehicle communications that uses the
DSRC standard.
It provides quick message delivery with deterministic delay
bounds. Each vehicle gets its slot based on its location.
Each packet has two parts: a header followed by a data part.
Each vehicle puts a bitmap vector in the header which is used to
exchange the relative transmission times of all one-hop neighbours.
In order to send up-to-date information each vehicle sends a
packet in each frame.
So a vehicle learns about its one-hop and two-hop neighbours’
transmission times by receiving bitmaps from its one-hop
neighbours.
This helps to avoid collisions and also alleviates the hidden
terminal problem.
VANET MAC Protocols 03/13/2021
Slot allocation using VeSOMAC
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