MATH 02

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Preliminary Examination – Oct 1 TH and Oct 2 FRI
Regular prelims – Oct 5 - 10
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
• Solvable Groups of Trigonometric Integrals
• Integrals involving Quadratic Expressions
• Miscellaneous Substitution
• Integration by Parts
• Integration by Partial Fractions

Midterm Exam – Oct 8 and 9

 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 1 – 2 (12 hrs) – Sept 1 – 11 – Finished Module 1
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Module 2 Other Special
Integration Techniques

Lesson 12 – Solvable Groups of Trigonometric Integrals

Lesson 13 – Integrals involving Quadratic Expressions
Lesson 14 – Miscellaneous Substitution
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 12 – Solvable Groups of Trigonometric Integrals (WEEK 3)
Some groups of trigonometric integrals cannot be solved by
using the general formulas. But by grouping certain integrals into
sin-cos, tan-sec and cot-csc, we can reform the integrals and can
be evaluated using the following formulas:

Group I - integrals in the form

1. ʃ sinm u cosn u du
2. ʃ sinm u du
3. ʃ cosn u du where m and/or n are positive integers

In this group, solvable cases and methods of solutions are

presented below:
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Case 1: When m is odd greater than n and n is any positive integer,
factor out sin u du and change the remaining sine to cosine using
identity sin2u = 1 – cos2 u. Next is change the variable or substitute
and use applicable formulas I1 – I15.

Example 1: ʃ sin3 x cos1 x dx

= ʃ sin2 x cos1 x sin x dx = ʃ (1 – cos2 x) cos1 x sin x dx
(from identity) Let u = cos x du = – sin x dx sin x dx = – du
u2 = cos2x
Therefore, ʃ (1 – cos2 x) cos1 x sin x dx = ʃ (1 – u2) u1 (– du)
= – ʃ (1 – u2) u1 du = – ʃ (u1 – u3) du = – ʃ u1du + ʃ u3 du = – u2/2 + u4/4 + C
Substitute back u = cos x = – (cos x)2/2 + (cos x)4/4 + C
= – (cos2x) /2 + (cos4x)/ 4 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Case 1: When m is odd greater than 1 and n is any positive integer,
factor out sin u du and change the remaining sine to cosine using
identity sin2u = 1 – cos2 u. Next is change the variable or substitute
and use applicable formulas I1 – I15.

Example 2: ʃ sin5 2x dx
= ʃ sin4 2x sin 2x dx = ʃ (sin2 2x) 2 sin 2x dx = ʃ (1 – cos2 2x) 2 sin 2x dx
(from identity) Let u = cos 2x du = – 2sin 2x dx sin 2x dx = – du/2
u2 = cos2 2x
Therefore, ʃ (1 – cos2 2x) 2 sin 2x dx = ʃ (1 – u2) 2 (– du/2)
= –1/2 ʃ (1 – u2) 2 du = –1/2 ʃ (1 – 2u2 + u4 ) du
= –1/2 ʃ 1 du + 2/2 ʃ u2 du – 1/2 ʃ u4 du = – u/2 + u3 /3 – ½ u5 /5 + C
Substitute back u = cos 2x = –1/2 cos 2x + (cos3 2x) /3 – (cos5 2x)/ 10 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Case 2: When n is odd greater than m and m is any positive integer,
factor out cos u du and change the remaining cosine to sine using
identity cos2u = 1 – sin2 u. Next is change the variable or substitute
and use applicable formulas I1 – I15.

Example 3: ʃ sin2 x cos3 x dx

= ʃ sin2 x cos2 x cos x dx = ʃ sin2 x (1 – sin2 x) cos x dx
(from identity) Let u = sin x du = cos x dx
u2 = sin2x

Therefore, ʃ sin2 x (1 – sin2 x) cos x dx = ʃ u2 (1 – u2 ) du

= ʃ (u2 – u4) du = ʃ u2 du – ʃ u4 du = u3 /3 – u5 /5 + C I1
Substitute back u = sin x = sin3 x /3 – sin5 x / 5 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Case 2: When n is odd greater than 1 and m is any positive integer,
factor out cos u du and change the remaining cosine to sine using
identity cos2u = 1 – sin2 u. Next is change the variable or substitute
and use applicable formulas I1 – I15.

Example 4: ʃ cos5 x dx
= ʃ cos4 x cos x dx = ʃ (cos2 x ) 2 cos x dx = ʃ (1 – sin2 x) 2 cos x dx
(from identity) Let u = sin x du = cos x dx
u2 = sin2x

Therefore, ʃ (1 – sin2 x) 2 cos x dx = ʃ (1 – u2 ) 2 du = ʃ (1 – 2u2 + u4 ) du

= ʃ 1 du – ʃ 2u2 du + ʃ u4 du = u – 2 u3 /3 + u5 /5 + C I1
Substitute back u = sin x = sin x – 2/3 (sin3 x ) + (sin5 x) / 5 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Case 3: When m and n are even, the following formulas are used:
sin2 x = (1 – cos 2x) /2 and cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) / 2
Example 5: ʃ sin2 x cos2 x dx
= ʃ [ (1 – cos 2x) /2 ] 2 [ (1 + cos 2x) / 2] dx = 1/4 ʃ (1 – cos2 2x ) dx
= 1/4 ʃ (1 dx) – 1/4 ʃ cos2 2x dx
= ¼ x – ¼ ʃ (1 + cos 4x) dx / 2 = ¼ x – ¼ (1/2) ʃ (1 + cos 4x) dx
= ¼ x – 1/8 [ ʃ 1dx + ʃ cos 4x dx ] let u = 4x
= (1/4 x – 1/8 x) – 1/8 ʃ cos 4x dx = 1/8 x – 1/8 ʃ cos 4x dx du = 4 dx
= 1/8 x – 1/8 ʃ cos u (du/4) dx = du/4
= 1/8 x – 1/8 (1/4) ʃ cos u du I5
= 1/8 x – 1/32 (sin u ) + C = 1/8 x – 1/32 (sin 4x ) + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Case 3: When m and n are even, the following formulas are used:
sin2 x = (1 – cos 2x) /2 and cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) / 2
Example 6: ʃ sin4 x dx
= ʃ sin2 x sin2 x dx = ʃ [ (1 – cos 2x) /2 ] [(1 – cos 2x) /2 ] dx
= ¼ ʃ (1 – cos 2x) 2 dx = ¼ ʃ (1 – 2cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
= ¼ ʃ 1 dx – ¼ ʃ 2cos 2x dx + ¼ ʃ cos2 2x dx
= x/4 – ¼ (2) ʃ cos 2x dx + ¼ ʃ cos2 2x dx
= x/4 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + ¼ ʃ cos2 2x dx
= x/4 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + ¼ ʃ [ (1 + cos 4x) / 2 ] dx
= x/4 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + ¼ (1/2) ʃ (1 + cos 4x) dx
= x/4 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + 1/8 ʃ 1 dx + 1/8 ʃ cos 4x dx
= x/4 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + x/8 + 1/8 ʃ cos 4x dx
= 3x/8 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + 1/8 ʃ cos 4x dx
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Continuation of Example 6: ʃ sin4 x dx

= 3x/8 – ½ ʃ cos 2x dx + 1/8 ʃ cos 4x dx

let u = 2x let u = 4x
du = 2dx du = 4dx
dx = du/2 dx = du/4

= 3x/8 – ½ ʃ cos u (du/2) + 1/8 ʃ cos u ( du/4)

= 3x/8 – ½ (1/2) ʃ cos u du + 1/8 (1/4) ʃ cos u du
= 3x/8 – (1/4) ʃ cos u du + (1/32) ʃ cos u du I5
= 3x/8 – (1/4) sin u + (1/32) sin u + C
= 3x/8 – (1/4) sin 2x + (1/32) sin 4x + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 12 – Solvable Groups of Trigonometric Integrals
Some groups of trigonometric integrals cannot be solved by using the
general formulas. But by grouping certain integrals into sin-cos, tan-sec
and cot-csc, we can reform the integrals and can be evaluated using
the following formulas:

Group II – integrals in the form

1. ʃ tanm u secn u du
2. ʃ tanm u du
3. ʃ secn u du where m and/or n are positive integers

In this group, solvable cases and methods of solutions are presented

below:
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Group II – integrals in the form
Case 1 – When m is odd, factor out sec u tan u du and change the
remaining tangent into secant using identity tan2 u = sec2 u – 1. Steps
similar to Group I follow.
Example 1: ʃ tan5 x sec3 x dx
= ʃ tan4 x sec3 x sec x tan x dx = ʃ (tan2 x) 2 sec3 x sec x tan x dx
= ʃ (sec2 x – 1 )2 sec3 x sec x tan x dx
Let u = sec x (taken from the identity)
du = sec x tan x dx
= ʃ (u2 – 1 )2 u3 du = ʃ (u4 – 2u 2 + 1 ) u3 du = ʃ (u7 – 2u 5 + u3 ) du I1
= u8 / 8 – 2u 6 / 6 + u4 / 4 + C
Substitute back u = sec x
= sec8 x / 8 – 2sec 6 x / 6 + sec4 x / 4 + C
= sec8 x / 8 – sec 6 x / 3 + sec4 x / 4 + C final ans.
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Group II – integrals in the form
Case 1 – When m is odd, factor out sec u tan u du and change the
remaining tangent into secant using identity tan2 u = sec2 u – 1. Steps
similar to Group I follow.
Example 2: ʃ tan5 x dx
= ʃ tan4 x sec-1 x sec x tan x dx = ʃ (tan2 x) 2 sec-1 x sec x tan x dx
= ʃ (sec2 x – 1 )2 sec-1 x sec x tan x dx
Let u = sec x (taken from the identity)
du = sec x tan x dx I1 I2
= ʃ (u2 – 1 )2 u-1 du = ʃ (u4 – 2u 2 + 1 ) u-1 du = ʃ (u3 – 2u + u-1 ) du
= u4 / 4 – 2u 2 / 2 + ln I u I + C
Substitute back u = sec x
= sec4 x / 4 – 2sec 2 x / 2 + ln I sec x I + C
= sec4 x / 4 – sec 2 x + ln I sec x I + C final ans
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Group II – integrals in the form
Case 2 – When n is even greater than 2, factor out sec 2 u du and change
the remaining secant into tangent using identity sec2 u = tan2 u + 1.
Steps similar to Group I and Group II case 1 follow.
Example 3: ʃ tan x sec4 x dx
= ʃ tan x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx
= ʃ tan x (tan 2 x + 1) sec 2 x dx
Let u = tan x (taken from the identity)
du = sec 2 x dx
= ʃ u (u2 + 1 ) du = ʃ (u3 + u ) du I1
= u4 / 4 + u 2 / 2 + C
Substitute back u = tan x
= tan4 x / 4 + tan 2 x / 2 + C final ans
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Group II – integrals in the form
Case 3 – When m is even, and the integrand is tangent only, use the
identity tan2 u = sec2 u – 1. Steps similar to Group I and Group follow.
Example 4: ʃ tan4 x dx
= ʃ ( tan2 x ) 2 dx = ʃ (sec 2 x – 1 ) 2 dx = ʃ (sec 4 x – 2sec 2 x + 1) dx
= ʃ sec 4 x dx – 2 ʃ sec 2 x dx + ʃ 1 dx ( see case 2 Group II)
= ʃ sec 2 x sec 2 x dx – 2 ʃ sec 2 x dx + ʃ 1 dx I7
= ʃ (tan 2 x + 1) sec 2 x dx – 2 ʃ sec 2 x dx + ʃ 1 dx
Let u = tan x (taken from the identity)
du = sec 2 x dx
= ʃ (u2 + 1 ) du – 2 ʃ sec 2 x dx + ʃ 1 dx I1 I7 F1
= u3 / 3 + u – 2 tan x + x + C
Substitute back u = tan x
= tan3 x / 3 + tan x – 2 tan x + x + C = tan3 x / 3 – tan x + x + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 12 – Solvable Groups of Trigonometric Integrals

Group III – integrals in the form

1. ʃ cotm u cscn u du
2. ʃ cotm u du
3. ʃ cscn u du where m and/or n are positive integers

For this group, follow the cases similar to Group II. In Cases 1, 2
and 3, just replace tangent to cotangent and secant to cosecant
respectively. Then use applicable general formulas I1 – I15
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Group III – integrals in the form
Case 1 – When m is odd, factor out csc u cot u du and change the remaining
cotangent into cosecant using identity cot2 u = csc2 u – 1. steps similar to
Group II follow.
Example 1: ʃ cot3 x dx / √ csc x
= ʃ cot2 x csc-1 x csc x cot x dx / √ csc x √ csc x = (csc 1/2 x)
= ʃ cot2 x csc- 3/2 x csc x cot x dx
= ʃ (csc2 x – 1 ) csc- 3/2 x csc x cot x dx
Let u = csc x (taken from identity)
du = – csc u cot u du – du = csc u cot u du
= ʃ (u2 – 1 ) u - 3/2 ( – du) = ʃ (u1/2 – u- 3/2 )(– du ) = = ʃ (– u1/2 + u-3/2 ) du I1
= – u3/2/ 3/2 + u-1/2/ - ½ + C = – 2/3 u3/2 – 2 u-1/2 + C
Substitute back u = csc x
= – 2/3 csc3/2 x – 2 csc-1/2 x + C = – 2/3csc3/2 x – 2 / √ csc x + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 12 – Solvable Groups of Trigonometric Integrals
Exercise 4: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals – for
Asynchronous period from Sept 14 – 18, 2020 (Week 3 )

1. ʃ sin3 2x cos2 2x dx I sin cos sin cos

2. ʃ cos4 5x dx II tan sec tan sec
3. ʃ tan5 3x dx III cot csc cot csc
4. ʃ sec4 5x dx
5. ʃ cot3 2x dx
6. ʃ csc3 x cos3 x dx
7. ʃ sin3 x dx / cos4 x
8. ʃ sin2 x cos4 x dx
9. ʃ tan x sec5/2 x dx
ECE2A and CPE2A (TF) – Due on September 25, 2020 Fri 5 pm
EE2A and IE2A (MH) – Due on September 24, 2020 Thur 5 pm
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures

Lesson 13 – Integrals involving Quadratic Expressions (WEEK 4)

When the integrand contains a quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c,

where a, b and c are constants, one approach is to transform the
quadratic expression into a sum or difference of a perfect square
trinomial with a constant.
The following examples will show how to transform a quadratic
expression into a sum or difference of a perfect trinomial and a
constant.
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 13 – Integrals involving Quadratic Expressions
Example 1: ʃ 1 dx / ( x2 + 3x + 5 )
= ʃ dx / (x2 + 3x + ? ) + ( 5 – ? ) add and subtract a value in ?
= ʃ dx / [x2 + 3x + (3/2) 2 ] + ( 5 – (3/2) 2 ) we divide 2nd term by 2
then square it
= ʃ dx / (x2 + 3x + 9/4 ) + ( 5 – 9/4 ) transformation
= ʃ dx / (x + 3/2) 2 + 11/4
Let u = x + 3/2 du = dx a 2 = 11/4 a =√11 / 2
= ʃ du / (u 2 + a 2 ) I14
= (1/a) arctan (u/a) + C
= ( 1/ √11/2 ) arctan [ (x + 3/2) / √11/2 ] + C
= ( 2/√11) arctan [ 2 (x + 3/2)/√11 ] + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 13 – Integrals involving Quadratic Expressions
Example 2: ʃ 1 dx / √ ( 1 + 4x – x2 ) I13
= ʃ dx / √ – ( 1x2 – 4x – 1 ) +1x2 +/- bx +/- c
= ʃ dx / √ – [ ( x2 – 4x + ? ) + ( – 1 – ? ) ]
= ʃ dx / √ – [ ( x2 – 4x + 4 ) + (– 1 – 4 ) ]
= ʃ dx / √ – [ (x – 2 ) 2 + (– 5 )]
= ʃ dx / √ [ 5 – ( x – 2 ) 2 ]
Let u = x – 2 du = dx a 2 = 5 a =√5
= ʃ du / √ (a 2 – u 2 ) I13
= arcsin (u/a) + C
= arcsin [ ( x – 2 )/√5 ] + C final ans arcsin (x – 2 ) wrong ans
√5
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Example 3: ʃ (2x + 3 ) dx / ( x2 – 2x + 5 )
Let u = x2 – 2x + 5
du = (2x – 2) dx = (2x – 2 + 5 ) dx = ( 2x + 3 ) dx
= ʃ (2x – 2 + 5 ) dx /( x2 – 2x + 5 ) transformation process
= ʃ (2x – 2) dx /( x2 – 2x + 5 ) + ʃ 5 dx /( x2 – 2x + 5 ) use I2 and I14
= ʃ du/ u + 5 ʃ 1dx /( x2 – 2x + 5 )  we complete the square
= ʃ du/ u + 5 ʃ dx /( x2 – 2x + 1 ) + ( 5 – 1 )
= ʃ du/ u + 5 ʃ dx /( x – 1) 2 + 4 )
let u = x – 1 du = dx a2 = 4 a = 2
= ʃ du/u + 5 ʃ du / ( u 2 + a2 ) = ln I u I + 5 (1/a arctan u/a) + C
= ln I x2 – 2x + 5 I + 5 (1/2) arctan [ (x – 1)/2 ] + C
= ln I x2 – 2x + 5 I + (5/2) arctan [ (x – 1)/2 ] + C final ans
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 13 – Integrals involving Quadratic Expressions
For your practice exercises, do the following: Asynchronous period,
for Sept 21 – 25, 2020 ( Week 4 )

Example 4: ʃ (2x – 3 ) dx /( x2 – 2x + 5 )

Example 5: ʃ 1 dx /( x2 + 4x + 5 )

Example 6: ʃ x2 dx /( x2 + 4x + 5 ) apply division P(x)/Q(x)

Example 7: ʃ ( x + 3) dx /( x2 + 2x + 5 )

Example 8: ʃ (2x + 7) dx /( x2 + 2x + 5 )
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 14 – Miscellaneous Substitution u = (ax + b)m/n (WEEK 4)

When the integrand contains an irrational expression of the form (ax

+ b)m/n, where m and n are prime positive integers, then we
substitute u = (ax + b)m/n. The process of solution is shown below.

Example 1: ʃ (x + 1) dx /(2x – 1 ) 3/4

Let u = (2x – 1 ) 1/4
u2 = (2x – 1 ) 2/4
u3 = (2x – 1 ) 3/4
u4 = (2x – 1 ) 4/4 u4 = (2x – 1 ) x = (u4 + 1) / 2 dx = 2u3 du
= ʃ [(u4 + 1) / 2 + 1] (2u3 du) / u3 = ʃ [(u4 + 1) + 2] du = ʃ (u4 + 3) du
= u5 /5 + 3u + C
= (2x – 1 ) 5/4 / 5 + 3(2x – 1 ) 1/4 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Example 2: ʃ 6x dx /(3x + 1 ) 7/3 ( ʃ in terms of x )
Let u = (3x + 1 ) 1/3
u7 = (3x + 1 ) 7/3
u3 = (3x + 1 ) 3/3
u3 = 3x + 1 x = (u3 – 1)/3 dx = u2 du
= ʃ 6 ((u3 – 1)/3)(u2 du) / u 7
= ʃ 2(u5 – u2 ) du / u 7 = 2 ʃ (u-2 – u-5 ) du ( ʃ in terms of u )
= 2 [ u-1 /-1 – u-4 / -4 ] + C I1
= – 2 u-1 + ½ u-4 + C
= – 2 (3x + 1)-1/3 + ½ (3x + 1)-4/3 + C final ans
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Example 3: ʃ (x3 + 2x) dx /(x2 + 4 ) 1/2
Let u = (x2 + 4 ) 1/2
u2 = (x2 + 4 ) 2/2 = x2 + 4
x2 = u2 – 4 (differentiate)
2 xdx = 2 udu or xdx = udu
= ʃ (x2 + 2) x dx /(x2 + 4 ) 1/2
= ʃ (u2 – 4) + 2) u du / u
= ʃ (u2 – 2) du I1
= ʃ u2 du – ʃ 2du = u3 /3 – 2u + C
= 1/3 (x2 + 4 )3/2 – 2 (x2 + 4 ) 1/2 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
If the integrand involves fractional powers of a variable x, the integrand
can be simplified by substitution of u = x1/n where n is the lowest common
denominator of the denominators of the exponents.
Example 4: ʃ x1/2 dx / (x1/3 + 1 ) LCD of the 2 fractions
Let u = x1/6 x = u6 dx = 6 u5 du
u3 = x1/2 u2 = x1/3
ʃ x1/2 dx / (x1/3 + 1 ) = ʃ u3 (6 u5 du) / (u2 + 1 ) = 6 ʃ u8 du / (u2 + 1 )

We now apply division, u8 / (u2 + 1 ) = (u6 – u4 + u2 – 1 ) + 1/(u2 + 1 )

= 6 ʃ (u6 – u4 + u2 – 1 + 1/ (u2 + 1 ) ) du I1 I14
= 6 ( 1/7 u7 – 1/5 u5 + 1/3 u3 – u ) + 6 ʃ du/ (u2 + a2 ) a2 = 1 a = 1
= 6 ( 1/7 u7 – 1/5 u5 + 1/3 u3 – u ) + 6 (1/a) arctan (u/a) + C
= 6/7 x7/6 – 6/5 x5/6 + 2 x1/2 – 6 x1/6 + 6 arctan x1/6 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 14 – Miscellaneous Substitution u = (ax + b)m/n
For your practice exercises, do the following:
For Asynchronous period from Sept 21 – 25, 2020 (week 4)

Example 5: ʃ 3xdx /√ (4 – x ) = 2 (4 – x) 3/2 – 24 (4 – x) 1/2 + C

Example 6: ʃ x (x + 4) 1/4 dx = (4/9)(x + 4) 9/4 – (16/5)(x + 4) 5/4 + C

Example 7: ʃ dx /( x2/3 – x1/2 ) =

Example 8: ʃ x3 ( x2 + 4 ) 1/2 dx =

Example 9: ʃ 2 (x2 – 1)1/2 dx / x =

 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts (WEEK 5)
This method is used when the integral cannot be solved by the
general formulas and other techniques of integration previously
studied. Usually the integrand is a product. The formula is called

I16 ʃ u dv = u v – ʃ v du

List of possible u part: according to priority

1. Log functions like loga x, ln x , and inverse trig functions like
arcsin x, arcos x, arctan x, etc.
2. Powers of x like x, x2, x3, etc. when the variable is x.
3. Exponential functions like ax, ex, and trigonometric functions
like sin x, cos x, tan x, etc.
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts

Example 1: ʃ x2 ln x dx
Let u = ln x du = dx / x
dv = x2 dx v = ʃ x2 dx = x3 /3
= u v – ʃ v du
= ln x (x3 /3) – ʃ x3 /3 (dx / x )
= (1/3) x3 ln x – 1/3 ʃ x2 dx
= (1/3) x3 ln x – 1/3 ( x3 /3) + C
= (1/3) x3 ln x – (1/9) x3 + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts

Example 2: ʃ x cos x dx
Let u = x du = dx
dv = cos x dx v = ʃ cos x dx = sin x
= u v – ʃ v du
= x sin x – ʃ sin x dx
= x sin x – (- cos x ) + C
= x sin x + cos x + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts

Example 3: ʃ x2 ex dx
Let u = x2 du = 2xdx
dv = ex dx v = ʃ ex dx = ex
= u v – ʃ v du
= x2 ex – ʃ ex (2x dx) = x2 ex – 2 ʃ ex x dx
let u = x du = dx
dv = ex dx v = ʃ ex dx = ex
= x2 ex – 2 [ x ex – ʃ ex dx ]
= x2 ex – 2 x ex + 2 ex + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts
Example 4: ʃ ex sin x dx  in this case, we can set u = ex or sin x
because both exponential and trigonometric functions are listed as
priority 3 in the list of possible u. (priority is given to exponential
over trigonometric functions)
Let u = ex du = ex dx
dv = sin x dx v = ʃ sin x dx = - cos x
= u v – ʃ v du
= ex ( - cos x) – ʃ ( - cos x) ex dx = – ex cos x + ʃ ex cos x dx
let u = ex du = ex dx
dv = cos xdx v = ʃ cos xdx = sin x
ʃ ex sin x dx = – ex cosx + [ ex sin x – ʃ sin x (ex dx) ]
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 15 – Integration by Parts
Example 4: Evaluate ʃ ex sin x dx

ʃ ex sin x dx = – ex cosx + [ ex sin x – ʃ sin x (ex dx) ] note that the

original integral ʃ ex sin x dx is the same as the 3rd term ʃ sin x (ex dx)
At this point, we just transpose the 3rd term to the left side of the
equation,
ʃ sin x (ex dx) + ʃ ex sin x dx = – ex cosx + ex sin x
ʃ ex sin x dx + ʃ ex sin x dx = – ex cosx + ex sin x
2 ʃ ex sin x dx = – ex cosx + ex sin x
ʃ ex sin x dx = ½ ( – ex cosx + ex sin x ) + C
= ½ ex ( – cosx + sin x ) + C
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Exercise 5 – Evaluate the following integral using I 16
Asynchronous activity for week 5 (Sept 28– Oct 2)
1. ʃ ln x dx
2. ʃ arcsin x dx
3. ʃ x arctan x dx
4. ʃ x √ ( x – 1 ) dx
5. ʃ x2 cos 2x dx
6. ʃ x sec x tan x dx
7. ʃ x3 ex dx
8. ʃ x3 sin x dx
9. ʃ x3 √ (x2 + 4 ) dx
10. ʃ e-x cos 2x dx
DUE ON OCT 2, 2020 FRIDAY – EE2A, IE2A, ECE2A, CPE2A
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 24hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions (week 6)
If the integrand is a ratio P(x) / Q(x) where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials,
resolve the fraction into partial fractions before integrating.
P(x) and Q(x) should be relatively prime and P(x) / Q(x) is a proper fraction.
P(x) and Q(x) are said to be relatively prime if they have no more common
factor.
P(x) / Q(x) is a proper fraction if the degree of P(x) is less than the degree of
Q(x).
Factoring P(x) and Q(x) into prime factors and cancelling common factors
will make them relatively prime.
Dividing P(x) and Q(x) when the degree of P(x) is greater than Q(x) will
transform P(x)/Q(x) into a proper fraction and a simple algebraic
expression.
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions
Suppose that P(x) and Q(x) are now relatively prime and that P(x) / Q(x)
can be resolved into partial fractions, then the following rules are applied,

Rule 1 – every distinct factor of the form (ax + b) in the denominator will
give one partial fraction of the form A / (ax + b), A is a constant.
Example 1 : (5x – 4) / (x + 1)(x – 2) = A/ (x + 1) + B/ (x – 2)

Example 2: (4x 2 + 3x – 4) /(x)(x – 2)(x + 1) = A/x + B/ (x – 2) + C/ (x + 1)

Rule 2 – every repeated linear factor of the form (ax + b) n in the

denominator will give n partial fractions of the form,
A1 / (ax + b) 1 + A2 / (ax + b) 2 + A3 / (ax + b) 3 + …. + A4 / (ax + b) n
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions
Example1: (2x 2 + 7x + 10)/(x + 2) 3 = A1 /(x + 2) + A2 /(x + 1) 2 + A2 /(x + 1) 2

Example 2: (30x 3 – 26x 2 + 9x – 1)/ x 2 (3x – 1) 3 = A1 /x 1 + A2 / x 2 +

B1 / (3x – 1) 1 + B2 / (3x – 1) 2 + B3 / (3x – 1) 3

Rule 3 – every distinct quadratic factor the form (ax 2 + bx + c) in the

denominator will give one partial fraction of the form,
A (2ax + b) + B / (ax 2 + bx + c) where A(2ax + b) ≠ 0 and (2ax + b) is the
derivative of (ax 2 + bx + c)

Example 1 : (–10x 2 + 28x – 6) / (x 2 + 1) (x2 – 4x + 5) = [A(2x) + B] /(x2 + 1) +

[ C(2X – 4) + D ] / (x2 – 4x + 5)
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions
Rule 3 – every distinct quadratic factor the form (ax 2 + bx + c) in the
denominator will give one partial fraction of the form,

Example 2 : (3x 3 + 6x 2 + 9x – 8) / (x 2 + 1) (x2 + 2x – 1) = [A(2x) + B] /(x2 + 1)

+ [ C(2X + 2) + D ] / (x2 + 2x – 1)

Rule 4 – every repeated quadratic factor of the form (ax 2 + bx + c) n in the

denominator will give n corresponding partial fractions of the form,
A1(2ax + b) + B1 / (ax 2 + bx + c) 1 + A2(2ax + b) + B2 / (ax 2 + bx + c) 2 +
A3(2ax + b) + B3 / (ax 2 + bx + c) 3 + … + An(2ax + b) + Bn / (ax 2 + bx + c) n

Example 1: (x 3 + x 2 + x – 3) / (x2 – x – 1) 2 = [A1(2x – 1) + B1] /(x2 – x – 1) 1

+ [ A2(2x – 1) + B2 ] / (x2 – x – 1) 2
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions
Solution by Equating coefficients of equal powers of the given variable

Example 1: Evaluate ʃ [ (3x2 + 15x – 12)/ x (x + 2) (x – 3) ] dx

ʃ (3x2 + 15x – 12)/ x (x + 2) (x – 3) = ʃ A / x + ʃ B / (x + 2) + ʃ C / (x – 3)

(3x2 + 15x – 12) = A(x + 2)(x – 3) + B (x) (x – 3) + C (x) (x + 2)

x(x + 2) (x – 3) x(x + 2) (x – 3)
Equating the numerator,
3x2 + 15x – 12 = A(x + 2)(x – 3) + B (x) (x – 3) + C (x) (x + 2)
= A(x2 – x – 6) + B(x 2 – 3x) + C(x 2 + 2x)
= Ax 2 – Ax – 6A + Bx 2 – 3Bx + Cx 2 + 2Cx
= Ax 2 + Bx 2 + Cx 2 – Ax – 3Bx + 2Cx – 6A
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures

3x2 = Ax 2 + Bx 2 + Cx 2 3=A+B+C
15x = – Ax – 3Bx + 2Cx 15 = – A – 3B + 2C
– 12 = – 6A
A = – 12 / – 6 = 2 substitute A, [ 3 = 2 + B + C ] x 2
15 = – 2 – 3B + 2C
6 = 4 + 2B + 2C
15 = – 2 – 3B + 2C by elimination, we subtract the 2 equations,
– 9 = 6 + 5B B = (– 9 – 6) / 5 = – 15/5 = – 3
Therefore, if A = 2, B = – 3, then 3 = 2 – 3 + C, and C = 6 – 2 = 4

ʃ (3x2 + 15x – 12)/ x (x + 2) (x – 3) dx = [ ʃ 2 / x + ʃ – 3 / (x + 2) + ʃ 4 / (x – 3) ] dx

= 2 ln I x I – 3 ln I x + 2 I + 4 ln I x – 3 I
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures

ʃ (3x2 + 15x – 12)/ x (x + 2) (x – 3) dx = [ ʃ 2 / x + ʃ – 3 / (x + 2) + ʃ 4 / (x – 3) ] dx

= 2 ln I x I – 3 ln I x + 2 I + 4 ln I x – 3 I + C

Or = ln x 2 – ln ( x + 2) 3 + ln (x – 3) 4 = ln x 2 (x – 3) 4 + C
( x + 2) 3
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
Example 2: Evaluate ʃ (x3 + x2 + 10x + 45) / (x + 1)2 (x 2 + 4) dx
= [ ʃ A/(x + 1) + ʃ B/(x + 1) 2 + ʃ C(2x) + D / (x 2 + 4) ] dx
= (x3 + x2 + 10x + 45) = A(x + 1) (x 2 + 4) + B(x 2 + 4) + [C(2x) + D] (x + 1)2
(x + 1)2 (x 2 + 4) (x + 1)2 (x 2 + 4)
= x3 + x2 + 10x + 45 = A(x + 1) (x 2 + 4) + B(x 2 + 4) + [C(2x) + D] (x + 1)2
= A(x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 4) + Bx 2 + 4B + (2Cx + D)(x 2 + 2x + 1)
= Ax 3 + Ax 2 + 4Ax + 4A + Bx2 + 4B + 2Cx3 + Dx2 + 4Cx2 + 2Dx + 2Cx + D
= (Ax 3 + 2Cx3) + (Ax 2 + Bx2 + Dx2 + 4Cx2) + (4Ax + 2Cx + 2Dx) + (4A + 4B + D)
1 = A + 2C
1 = A + B + 4C + D
10 = 4A + 2C + 2D
45 = 4A + 4B + D
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
1 = A + 2C (1)
1 = A + B + 4C + D (2)
10 = 4A + 2C + 2D or 5 = 2A + C + D (3)
45 = 4A + 4B + D (4)

A = 1 – 2C , we substitute to equation 2, 3 and 4,

1 = (1 – 2C) + B + 4C + D 1 = 1 – 2C + B + 4C + D 0 = B + 2C + D (5)
5 = 2 (1 – 2C) + C + D 5 = 2 – 4C + C + D 3 = – 3C + D (6)
45 = 4(1 – 2C) + 4B + D 45 = 4 – 8C + 4B + D 41 = 4B – 8C + D (7)
Eliminating B in 5 and 7,
[ 0 = B + 2C + D ] x 4 0 = 4B + 8C + 4D subtracting (7) from (5)
41 = 4B – 8C + D 41 = 4B – 8C + D – 41 = 16C + 3D (8)
3 = – 3C + D (6)
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
[ 0 = B + 2C + D ] x 4 0 = 4B + 8C + 4D subtracting (7) from (5)
41 = 4B – 8C + D 41 = 4B – 8C + D – 41 = 16C + 3D (8)
3 = – 3C + D (6)
– 41 = 16C + 3D – 41 = 16C + 3D
[ 3 = – 3C + D ] x 3 9 = – 9C + 3D
Subtracting, we have – 50 = 25C + 0 C= –2
(6) 3 = – 3C + D 3 = – 3(– 2) + D D= –3
(7) 1 = A + 2C 1 = A + 2(– 2) A = 5
(2) 1 = A + B + 4C + D 1 = 5 + B + 4(– 2) – 3 B = 7

= [ ʃ A/(x + 1) + ʃ B/(x + 1) 2 + ʃ C(2x) + D / (x 2 + 4) ] dx

= [ ʃ 5/(x + 1) + ʃ 7/(x + 1) 2 + ʃ – 2(2x) + (– 3) / (x 2 + 4) ] dx
 Learning Plan – Module 2
Week 3 – 6 (24 hrs) Sept 14 – Oct 9 – Integration procedures
= [ ʃ 5/(x + 1) + ʃ 7/(x + 1) 2 + ʃ – 2(2x) + (– 3) / (x 2 + 4) ] dx
= ʃ 5dx/(x + 1) + ʃ 7dx /(x + 1) 2 + ʃ – 2(2x) dx /(x 2 + 4) + ʃ (– 3) /(x 2 + 4) dx

Let u = x + 1 u=x+1 u = x2 + 4 u=x a2 = 4 a=2

du = dx du = dx du = 2x dx du = dx u 2 = x 2

= ʃ 5du /u + ʃ 7du /u 2 dx + – 2 ʃ du/u + (– 3) ʃ du / (u 2 + a 2) dx

= 5 ln u + 7 u -1 /( –1) + – 2 ln u – 3 (1/a) arctan (u/a) + C

= 5 ln x + 1 – 7 / (x + 1) – 2 ln x 2 + 4 – (3/2) arctan (x/2) + C

 Learning Plan – Module 2
Lesson 16 – Integration using Partial Fractions
For your practice exercises, do the following: - for Asynchronous
period from Oct 5 – 9, 2020 (week 6 )

Example 1: ʃ (3x + 11) dx /(x + 2 )(x + 3)

Example 2: ʃ (x3 + 4) dx / x ( x + 1) divide first

Example 3: ʃ ( x2 + 2x + 3) dx / ( x – 1)(x + 1) 2

Example 4: ʃ (x + 1) dx / (x3 + x2 – 6x)

Example 5: ʃ (– x2 + 11x + 18) dx) / (x2 – 1)(x2 + 3x + 3)