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Transport of Molecules Across The Cell Membrane: Physiology Department

The document discusses various types of transport across cell membranes including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion as well as active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport. It also discusses bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis and ion transport mechanisms mediated by ion channels and pumps.

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37 views21 pages

Transport of Molecules Across The Cell Membrane: Physiology Department

The document discusses various types of transport across cell membranes including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion as well as active transport mechanisms like primary and secondary active transport. It also discusses bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis and ion transport mechanisms mediated by ion channels and pumps.

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وائل الصاوي
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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Transport of Molecules across the cell


membrane

Physiology Department
Helwan University
Learning Objectives
1.Define types of transport across the cell membrane.
2.Define factors affecting membrane permeability.
3.Describe diffusion (passive transport) factors affecting it.
4.Describe active transport and factors affecting it.
5.Differentiate between passive and active transport and identifies
shared characteristics.
6.Describe mechanisms of water transport across membranes.
7- Define osmosis, osmolarity and osmotic pressure. Identify the
role of OP in cell physiology.
8- define ion channels, list its types, properties and, identify its
r o l e i n m e m b r a n e t r a n s p o r t .
Facilitated diffusion
(carrier-mediated transport)

U It a passive transport down concentration gradient


(from high to low concentration).
·It needs a carrier.
·Many molecules, such as glucose, are insoluble
in
lipids and too large to fit through the membrane pores.
·Therefore, it will

bind with itsthrough


and moved specificthe
carrier proteins,
cellular membrane.
and the complex will then be bonded to a receptor site
Carrier-mediated transport
(char acteristics)

1.Stereo specificity: Ability to differentiate between


stereoisomers.
Example = D-glucose (natural isomer) is transported
while I-isomer is not.
2.Saturation: The transport rate increases as the
concentration of the solute increases, until the carriers
are saturated.

3. Competition: Structurally related solutes compete


for transportsitesoncarrier molecules (Competitive
inhibition).
The Cell Transport Concept Map illustrates various types of cell transports that happen
at the plasma membrane (CC BY-NC 3.0; Mandeep Grewal; PowerPoint)
2- Active transport

- It occurs against concentration gradient (from low to


high concentration) (Uphill)
- It needs energy (ATP).
- It needs a carrier.
- As Ca++ pump and Na+-K+ pump
- Active transport either primary or secondary (co-
transport or counter trasport)
a)- Primary active transport
Na+-K+ pump
Primary active transport
Ca++ pump
1.Ca++ within the cell binds to
sites in the carrier protein.
1.ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP
and phosphate (Pi), and the
phosphate is added to the carrier
protein; this phosphorylation
causes a hinge like motion of the
carrier, which allows Ca++ to be
released into the extracellular
fluid.
b)- Secondary active transport
(co-transport)
Secondary active transport
3 Bulk Transport
(1)- Endocytosis: This is a transport mechanism by
means of which large particles (e.g. protein) can cross
cell membrane.
- It occurs as follows:
·The particle at first contacts the cell membrane, then
the latter depressed (making an invagination into the
cell)
·Each side of
the invagination rises and folds over the
cytoplasm)
particle (which will thus become a vacuole inside the
-There are two main kinds of endocytosis:
1.Phagocytosis of solid particles (cell
eating).
2.Pinocytosis of liquid droplets (cell
drinking)
(2)- Exocytosis : It is the process by which the
cellexcretes waste products.
- This is the reverse of endocytosis.
- It is an active process (requiring energy and
calcium).

U Steps of exocytosis
The membrane of granule or vesicle fuses with
the cell membrane, then the area of fusion breaks
down and its contents are expelled outside the cell
while the cell membranes intact.
Ion Channels

·Voltage gated
channels.
·Ligand gated
channels.
·ATP powered pumps.
Also there are Leak channels (non gated)
Voltage gated ion channels

U These channels open or close depending on


what is called membrane potential (electerical
activity).
e.g. Na+ channels at the beginning of nerve
impulse (action potential)
Ligand gated channels
ATP - powered pumps
References

BRS Physiology 5th edition. Chapter 1 pages 1 7.

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