ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
(BEX17003)

By:
DR SITI NOORAYA MOHD TAWIL
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
1
 Chapter 3(b):
Direct Current Circuit
Analysis (II)

2
Lecture Contents

Methods of
Methods of Analysis
Analysis

Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis

Mesh/Loop Analysis
Mesh/Loop Analysis

3
Nodal and
Mesh/Loop
Analysis

4
Nodal Analysis
 Nodal analysis – based on the systematic
application of KCL. [important technique – pay
attention]
 We can analyze any linear circuit by:
obtaining a set of simultaneous equations
solved to obtain the required values (voltage or
current)
we can solve the simultaneous equation either
using Cramer’s Rule or any other software such as
MATLAB or MathCAD.

5
Cont…
 Nodal analysis provides a general procedure
for analyzing circuit using node voltages as a
circuit variables.
 Important key idea resistance is a passive
element, by the passive sign convention,
current must always flow from a higher potential
to a lower potential

vvhigher  v lower
higher  vlower
ii 
 RR
…..( Eq. 3.21)

6
Example 3.12
Consider the figure below using nodal analysis.

I2

R2

I1 R1 v1 v2 R3

7
Solution 3.12
1. Label the nodes (including the reference node)

1 I2
2
i2

R2
+ i1 + i3
v1 R1 R3 v2
I1 - -

v=0
8
Cont…
# Current flows from a higher potential I2
to a lower potential in a resistor 1 i2 2
v1 v2

I1 i1 R2 i3

R1 R3
vhigher  vlower
i
R
v=0

v1  0 v1  v2 v2  0
i1  i2  i3 
R1 R2 R3
9
2. Write the KCL equation
for node 1 and 2.
I2
KCL at node 1. I2 2
1 i2
I1 = I2 + i1 +i2
v1 v1  v 2
I1  I2   i1 R2 i3
R1 R2 I1 + +
R1 v1 v2 R3
- -
KCL at node 2.
I2 +i2 = i3
v1  v 2 v 2
I2   v=0
R2 R3
10
Example 3.13
Find the node voltages for the following circuit.
5A

R2=4 Ω
1 2

v2

R1=2 Ω v1 v3 R3=6 Ω 10A

v=0V
11
 Solution 3.13
KCL at node 1.
5A
5  i1  i2 5A 5A
v1  0 v1  v 2 R2=4 Ω
5  i2 10A
2 4 V1 V2
(x4) : 20  2v 1  v 1 v 2 i1 v2
i3
R1=2 Ω R3=6 Ω
3v 1  v 2  20 (1) v1 v3 10
KCL at node 2. A

i2  10  5  i3 v=0V
v1 v 2 v 0
 10  5  2
4 6
(x12) : 3v 1  3v 2 120  60  2v 2
 3v 1  5v 2  60 (2)
12
 Using the elimination technique

(1)  (2) :
4v 2  80  v 2  20V

 Substituting
v 2  20
40
3v 1  20  20  v 1   13.33V
3
13
 To use Cramer’s rule, we put the equation in matrix form
3v1  v2  20
 3v1  5v2  60
 3  1  v1  20
 3 5  v   60
  2   
a11 a12 3 1
   3  5  (3)(1)  15  3  12
a21 a2 2  3 5
b1 a12 20  1
1    20  5  (60)(1)  100  60  160
b2 a22 60 5
a11 b1 3 20
2    3  60  (3)(20)  180  60  240
a21 b2  3 60
1 160
v1    13.33V
 12
 2 240
v2    20V
 12 14
 Example 3.14
Consider the following circuit with current and voltage source.
a I2 b IB
Va Vb
R2
R I1 I3
VB 1 R3 IB
c
Vc=0
Nodea,a,
Node
Va VVB..........
Va ................
...... [1]
[1]
B
Nodeb,b,
Node
∑I entering the node = ∑I leaving the node

II22IIBB II33
VaVa VbVb Vb--00
Vb
IIBB  .................
.......... ....... [2]
[2]
RR 2
2 RR 3
3
15
substitute
substitute [1] into
[1] into[2]
[2]
VB 
V VVb Vb
V
b  I 
B
 I BB  b
RR2 R3
R
2 3

VVB Vb
V Vb
V
B
 b 
 b  
II B
RR2 R2
R R3
R
B
2 2 3
VB
V VVb Vb
V
-
- B 
 b 
 b   II B
R2
R RR2 R3
R
B
2 2 3

VVb VVb VVB

b
 b
 II B 
 B
RR2 RR3 B
RR2
2 3 2

1 1 11  VB
V
V
Vbb   I 
  I BB  B
R R3  R2
R 22 R 3  R 2

VVB
IIBB  B
R2
R
Vb 
V  2
b
11 1
1


RR2 RR3 16
2 3
Example 3.15
Determine the voltages at the nodes at the
following figure.

ix 4

1 2 2 8 3

3A 4 2ix
0

17
 Solution 3.15
4 At node 1,
i1
i1 v1  v3 v1  v2
ix i2
3  i1  ix  3  
2 3 4 2
1
V1
I=3A
 V2 i3 8 V3
2ix
(4) : 3v1  2v2  v3  12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
3A 4 At node 2,
v1 - v 2 v 2 - v 3 v 2 - 0
ix  i2  i3   
2 8 4
(8) : -4v1  7v 2 - v 3  0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(2)
At node 3,
v1 - v 3 v2  v3 2(v1  v2 )
i1  i2  2ix   
4 8 2
(8 / 3) : 2v1  3v2  v3  0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(3)

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Using the eliminatio n technique,
Adding Eq (1) and Eq(3) :

5v 1 - 5v 2  12
or
12
v1 - v 2   2.4          (4)
5
Adding Eq.(2) and (3)

- 2v 1  4v 2  0  v 1  2v 2 - - - - - - - (5)
19
Substituti ng Eq.(5) into (4) yield
2v 2 - v 2  2.4  v 2  2.4, v1  2v 2  4.8V

From Eq. (3) we get,

v 3  3v 2 - 2v 1  3v 2 - 4v 2  -v 2  -2.4V

Thus,
v1  4.8V, v 2  2.4V, v 3  -2.4V

20
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Important
 Supernode – formed by enclosing a
(dependent or independent) voltage
source connected between two
nonreference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.

21
Mesh/Loop
Analysis

22
Mesh/Loop Analysis
 Mesh analysis provides another general
procedure for analyzing circuits.
 Recall that a loop is a closed path with
no node passed more than once.
 A mesh is a loop that does not contain
any other loop within it.
 Mesh analysis apply KVL to find
unknown currents

23
Cont…
 Mesh analysis is not quite as general as
nodal analysis, because it is only
applicable for to a circuit that is planar.
 A planar circuit is one that can be
drawn in a plane with no branches
crossing one another; otherwise it is
nonplanar.
 For better understanding, refer to Sadiku
and Alexander, 2nd Edition page 90-91.
24
Example 3.17

Write the mesh equation for the following

circuit.
R1 R2 R3

VB1 R4 R5 VB2

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Solution 3.17
R1 R2 R3

VB 1 R4 R5 VB 2
I I I3
1 2

For all loop,

V clockwise  0
KVL for loop 1 :
- VB1  VR1  VR4  0
- VB1  I1R 1  (I1 - I 2 )R 4  0
I1 (R 1  R 4 )  I 2 (-R 4 )  VB1          (1)

26
 R1 R2 R3

VB 1 R4 R5 VB 2
I I I3
1 2

KVL for loop 2 :

VR4  VR2  VR5  0
(I 2 - I1 )R 4  I 2 R 2  (I 2 - I3 )R 5  0
I1 (-R 4 )  I 2 (R 2  R 4  R 5 )  I 3 (-R 5 )  0 - - - - - - - - - -(2)

27
 R2 R3
R
1

VB R4 R5 VB
1 I I I 2
1 2 3

KVL for loop 3 :

VR5  VR3  VB2  0
(I 3 - I 2 )R 5  I 3R 3   VB2
I 2 (-R 5 )  I3 (R 3  R 5 )  VB2        (3)

28
I1 (R1  R 4 )  I 2 (-R 4 )  VB1          (1)
I1 (-R 4 )  I 2 (R 2  R 4  R 5 )  I 3 (-R 5 )  0 - - - - - - - - - -(2)
I 2 (-R 5 )  I 3 (R 3  R 5 )  VB2        (3)

In matrix,
 R1  R4  R4 0   I1   VB1 
 R R2  R4  R5    
 R5   I 2    0  
 4

 0  R5 R3  R5   I 3   VB 2 

29
Example 3.18
Find Vo for the following circuit.
4A

5V
2 6

3A 7 Vo 8

30
For Loop1 : Solution 3.18 4A
I 1  4A
I1
For Loop2 : 5V
2 6
I 2  3A
3A I2 7 I3 Vo 8
KVL for Loop 3 :
V clockwise 0
V7  - 5  V6   V8  0
7(I 3 - I 2 ) - 5  6(I 3 - I 1 )  8I 3  0
7(I 3  3) - 5  6(I 3 - 4)  8I 3  0
I 3 (21)  8
I3  0.38 A
V8   I 3 (8)  3.04V 31
Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
Case 1:
When a current source exists only in one
mesh

4Ω 3Ω Loop 1:
-10+4i1+6(i1-i2) = 0
10V I1 6Ω I2 5A
I1= -2A

Loop 2: I2= -5A

32
 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
How do we know which method is
better or more efficient?
 Nodal analysis is normally used when a
circuit has fewer node equations than
mesh equations.
 Mesh analysis is normally used when a
circuit has fewer mesh equations than
node equations.

33
 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
(Nature of network)
Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Networks that contain Networks that contain
many : many :
series-connected  parallel-connected

elements elements
voltage sources  current sources
supernodes  supermeshes

34
 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
(Information required)

 If node voltages are required, it maybe

expedient to apply nodal analysis

 If branch or mesh currents are required,

it maybe expedient to apply mesh
analysis

35